科技论文写作中常见错误.pdf

1 科技论文写作中常见错误及改进方法科技论文写作中常见错误及改进方法 摘要 文章列出了科技论文写作中一些常见错误 结合原文详细解释了错误产生的原因 文章还根据具 体实例 详细分析了如何去改正这些常见的错误 避免在撰写科技论文时再次犯相同的错误 关键词 科技论文写作 常见错误 改进 1 引言 引言 绝大多数中国高校都要求科技类的博士研究生或硕士研究生 在就读期间至少发表一篇英文论文 然而 由于很多因素 导致这项任务很难完成 首先 前续的英语课程对写作 尤其是科技英语写作 的关注程度 不够 部分院校甚至在研究生阶段不开设英语课程 导致英语写作水平下降 其次 绝大多数中国作者生活 在非英语环境中 第三 由于科技英语具有自身特点 许多英语国家的作者也要接受专门的写作课程课程学 校 在论文投稿过程中 有很多论文因为欠缺流利的英语表达而被拒 如果有可能的话 应该在论文投稿前 请英语国家的编辑帮忙修改 然而一个分院里往往有很多学生 并且每篇论文都需要修改两次 请人帮忙几 乎不可能实现 请人修改论文的成本非常高 而且有时只能解决一部分问题 对于英语国家的编辑而言 他 可以非常专业地消除论文中出现的语法错误 但是如果他缺乏科技背景 特别是论文所在的研究领域的研究 背景 他将很难改正论文中出现的所有错误 也很难保证论文的表达清晰明了 聘请有着专业研究背景的学 者来修改论文 是一个非常好的想法 但是他可能无法向作者清楚地解释 未来该如何避免类似的错误 而 且对于绝大多数中国学生而言聘请专业人士帮忙修改论文 是非常困难的一件事情 尽管聘请专业人士帮忙修改论文可以使加速论文发表进度 但是这种方法不能帮助作者避免重复出现同 样的错误 大部分论文的作者都对英语有着固定的理解 只有让他们清楚地意识到他们的错误以及避免错误 的方法 才能真正地帮助作者提高英语写作水平 本文介绍了中国学生在写科技论文时最常见的错误 包括 语法错误 专有名词 格式错误 这些错误 经常导致读者不能清除地理解文章的含义 虽然有些错误可以利用 MS word 的语法检查工具进行排查 但 是这些软件工具是无法准确出绝大部分错误 2 常见错误 常见错误 2 1 冠词 冠词 a an 以及 以及 the 最简单最常见的错误是漏写冠词 a an 以及 the 因为中国的普通话中并没有与这些冠词直接 对应的词语 对于非英语国家的作者来说 冠词的使用规则也比较复杂 导致了这个错误频繁发生 冠词意 味着后面将会出现名词 任何用于修饰的词语都应在冠词和名词之间 比如 a big blue bicycle 或者 the first award a 和 an 是不定冠词 the 是定冠词 当名词需要限定词的时候 会用单数 经常犯的错误 有 3 种 1 在需要冠词的时候没加 a an 以及 the 2 在不需要的时候添加了 3 错误使用 例 1 错误的写法 Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades 正确的写法 Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades 例 2 错误的写法 The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tooling it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves 正确的写法 The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tooling it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves 2 论文中只有一种 3D 建模工具 因此 3D modeling tooling 前面需要用定冠词 the 特指 例 3 错误的写法 A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow field in centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices is conducted 正确的写法 A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow field in a centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and an investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows A systematical study of the number and distribution of vortices is conducted 例 4 错误的写法 Theoretically remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby minimizing impact on environment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation 正确的写法 Theoretically remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in an EOF product thereby minimizing the impact on the environment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation 2 2 超长句超长句 在中国作者撰写的论文中 由于直接将中文翻译成英文 超长句是一种非常普遍的现象 尽管在汉 语中 可以将几个不同的支撑观点放在同一个句子中 用于强调他们之间的关系 但是在英语中 主要 观点和用于支撑这些观点的内容通常需要单独成句 一般认为只有那些含有 60 个或者更多单词的句子 是超长句 但是有时一个句子中包含了好几层意思 以至于混淆了最主要的观点 这样的句子也应该缩 短 在写作时限定一个句子只表达一个观点 可以有效避免这种错误 在需要表达各观点之间的关系时 可以用分号 例 5 错误的写法 According to the characteristic of fan coil air conditioning systems this paper derives the cooling formula of fan coil units based on the heat transfer theories and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Air side which can monitor the individual air conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition temperature and humidity of the fan coil air conditioning system as well as the parameters of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller 正确的写法 This paper derives the cooling formula of fan coil units based on the characteristics of fan coil air conditioning systems and heat transfer theories and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering on the Air side The new method can monitor individual air conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the condition of inlet air temperature and humidity of the fan coil air conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling water provided by the chiller 3 例 6 错误的写法 The gear transmission is grade seven the gear gap is 0 00012 radians the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method the existing backlash block in the non linear library of the Matlab zdimulink toolbox can be used the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero 正确的写法 The gear transmission is grade seven The gear gap which is 0 00012 radians has different output values corresponding to any given input value The nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method The existing backlash block in the non linear library of the Matlab zdimulink toolbox can be used the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero 科技论文中另外一种经常出现的超长句是列表 比如作者试图给出大量的数据 通常是某些参数的数 值 这些数据被放在一个句子中 然而 对于这些参数类型或者数值信息 最好的表达方式是采用列表 例 7 错误的写法 where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid span of a massless elastic shaft e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis k and k are the stiffness coefficients in two principal directions of shaft respectively c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk ci is the inner damping coefficient of shaft is the rotating speed s and s are the components of initial bend in directions of axes respectively s rb cos s rb sin 正确的写法 Where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid span of a massless elasticshaft e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis K and k are the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directions of the shaft c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk ci is the inner damping coefficient of the shaft is the rotating speed s and s are the components of initial bend in directions of axes respectively s rbcos s rbsin 例 8 错误的写法 The clear height of the case is 6 15 meters the thickness of the roof is 0 85 meters the thickness of the bottom is 0 90 meters the overall width is 26 6 meters the overall length of the axial cord is 304 5 meters the length of the jacking section is about 148 8 meters the weight of the case is about 24127 tons 正确的写法 Case clearance height 6 15 meters Roof thickness 0 85 meters Bottom thickness 0 90 meters Overall width 26 6 meters 4 Overall length of the axial cord 304 5 meters Length of the jacking section 148 8 meters approx Weight of the case 24127 tons approx 2 3 以阐述目的 原因或者具体位置的句子引出主要观点以阐述目的 原因或者具体位置的句子引出主要观点 中国作者在表达主要观点之前 通常会用目的 位置 原因 实例 条件等做引子 然而 在西方 人的表达方式中 添加一般性的介绍语句会导致主要观点的重要性降低 而且会使人感觉作者的表达并 不直接 应在开篇就表达主要观点 其他内容应该放在后面 例 9 错误的写法 For the application in automobile interiors this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing 正确的写法 This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application in automobile interiors 例 10 错误的写法 Especially when numerical control NC techniques 4 are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods 5 6 bring a huge economical benefits the advantage of constructing 3D model 7 8 9 becomes extremely obvious 正确的写法 The advantage of constructing a 3D model 7 8 9 becomes extremely obvious especially when numerical control NC techniques 4 are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods 5 6 bring a huge economical benefits 例 11 错误的写法 Inside the test box the space was filled with asbestos 正确的写法 The space inside the test box was filled with asbestos 例 12 错误的写法 In practice we employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto body and the results show that this method is feasible 正确的写法 We employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto body and the results show that this method is feasible 例 13 错误的写法 To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production 正确的写法 CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality 2 4 以描述时间的从句作为句子开头以描述时间的从句作为句子开头 例 14 错误的写法 5 When U is taken as the control parameter the BDs for 0 0 0 001 0 005 are shown in Fig 8 正确的写法 Figure 8 shows the BDs for 0 0 0 001 and 0 005 when U is taken as the control parameter 2 5 应将最重要的内容放在句首用以强调应将最重要的内容放在句首用以强调 例 15 错误的写法 Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model the extended STL format is described in this section 正确的写法 The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model 例 16 错误的写法 The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models are designed precisely with complicated surfaces 正确的写法 The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models with complicated surfaces are designed precisely 2 6 which that which 之前的名词或者代词 即 which 所指的内容并不明确 导致混淆 例 17 错误的写法 The Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force which is built at 1978 10680t 正确的写法 Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force which is built at 1978 10680t 2 7 Respectively 与 与 respective Respectively 用在两个或者两个以上的人或物按照事先指定的顺序出现的场合 如果出现两个列表 Respectively 根据事先指定的顺序匹配这两个列表 在这种情况下使用 Respectively 可以让作者在不造成 混淆的情况下给出更多的信息 也可以避免使用太多的短句 Respectively 经常用在句子的末尾 对于 Respectively 的使用 指定顺序对于整个句子的意思表达非常重要 如果事先没有指定顺序 就不能用 Respectively 了 例如 Bobby Nicole and Daren wore red green and blue coats respectively 这个句子表达的意思是 List 1 List 2 Bobby wore a red coat Nicole wore a green coat Daren wore a blue coat Respective 也是用在两个或者两个以上的人或物按照事先指定的顺序出现的场合 这两个词经常被混淆以致错误使用 下面列出几种典型的例子 1 Respective 的位置错误 被放在所指代的名词之前 6 例 18 错误的写法 Equations 2 6 can be respectively linearized as equations given 正确的写法 Equations 2 6 can be linearized as equations given respectively 2 Respectively 被用来表达在某些事情中有某种顺序 然而 那些顺序要么早已隐含在文章的其他的 句子中 或者根本不需要表达 增加之后对句子的意思表达毫无意义 例 19 错误的写法 If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are respectively below certain scores then we refer to strategy 1 otherwise if either is respectively above a certain score then we refer to strategy 2 Similarly if the core technology and core quality are respectively above a certain score then we refer to strategy 3 otherwise if either is respectively below a certain score then we refer to strategy 4 正确的写法 If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are below certain scores then we refer to strategy 1 otherwise if either is above a certain score then we refer to strategy 2 Similarly if the core technology and core quality are above a certain score then we refer to strategy 3 otherwise if either is below a certain score then we refer to strategy 4 例 20 错误的写法 Then the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades respectively 正确的写法 Then the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades 3 Respectively 所指的顺序不明确 例 21 错误的写法 The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before respectively 1 4 正确的写法 Correct The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before 1 4 例 22 错误的写法 Incorrect The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured using two thermocouples respectively 正确的写法 Correct The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured by using two thermocouples 2 8 In this paper 与 与 in this study 在用这些词组时 经常会出现两种错误 第一种是过度使用 在一些中国作者撰写的论文中 这些词语 出现的次数是正常次数的 2 倍 在英语国家 仅在两种情况下使用这些词组 1 引言或者结论中用于强调 7 这篇论文的内容 2 在正文中 隐含着本文的作者并没有做其他论文中或者标准中所做的工作 因此如果因此如果 论文中这些词组出现的次数超过论文中这些词组出现的次数超过 3 次 其用法就值得商榷次 其用法就值得商榷 实际上读者清楚作者所做的工作 因此不需要 重复这些词组 第二种是这两个词被互换使用 这种错误更加隐蔽 study 指作者所做的工作 paper 指呈现所做工作的方式 是供读者阅读的 应该记住 除了这些词组外 还可以用 in this research this paper present 例 23 错误的写法 In this paper IDEAS was used to 正确的写法 In this study IDEAS was used to 例 24 错误的写法 In the paper a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle it components equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing 正确的写法 In this study a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle it components equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing 2 9 数字和公式数字和公式 中国作者经常在阿拉伯数字和公式的形式上出错 经常采用阿拉伯数字 而不是将单词完整地拼写出 来 使用阿拉伯数字本身并没有错 但是不应该出现在句子的开头位置 例 25 错误的写法 12 parameters were selected for the experiment 正确的写法 Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment 此外 阿拉伯数字被过度使用 科技论文中 阿拉伯数字仅用于给出数字而不应用于表达一般信息 例 26 错误的写法 All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C 正确的写法 All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C 这个问题可能源于普通话是符号语言 而不是字母语言 因此作者倾向于用符号表达观点 字母用的 较少 更严重的问题是 公式被用于取代单词 这些是英语国家的作者很少做的 当出现公式时 应尽可 能地介绍 不能用公式取代单词 绝大部分期刊 比如International Journal of Production Research 不建议作者 在正文中使用这些较短的表达方式 例 27 错误的写法 If the power battery SOC SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load 正确的写法 If the power battery SOC is greater than SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load 2 10 格式格式 1 段落 段落是一个围绕着一个主题或者思想的句群 当一个主题或者思想阐述结束 开始另一个主题或者思想 8 时 应该分段 所有的英文段落首句都是另起一行 段首空两格 或者两段之间空一行 公文中比较常见 中国学生在分段时经常感到困惑 所以经常犯下面两个错误中的一种 第一种错误是两个段落之间没有 明确的识别信号 尽管段落已经另起一行 但是没有缩进 因此读者意识不到已经开始新的段落或者新的观 点 第二种错误是在一个段落之前有一个孤立的句子构成的一行 被孤立在其他段落之外 这在中文中经常 见到 但是在英语中却是不允许的 2 Figure 和 Table figure 和 table 的缩写分别是 Fig 和 Tbl 然而在文中 table 的缩写比较少见 虽然可以 用 Fig 表示 figure 但是应该在整篇论文中应该统一 不应该换来换去 如 Figure figure Fig 或者 fig 此外 句首一般不用缩写 缩写和数字之间应该加空格 例 27 错误的写法 Figure 6 Figure6 Fig 6 Tbl10 正确的写法 Figure 6 Fig 6 Tbl 10 3 变量 科技论文中 变量应该用斜体 尤其是那些英文字母写的变量 以便于将他们和单词区分开来 当然这些还取决于期刊对格式的要求 4 大写 注意句子中间不要大写 例 28 错误的写法 In table 1 The mark 正确的写法 In table 1 the mark 2 11 such as 和 和 etc 对于 such as 和 etc 中国的作者经常用错 such as 意思为 for example 说明后文将给出一 个不完全的列表 etc 意思为 and so on 用在列表的末尾 说明这个列表是不完整的 因此同时使用 这两个词是多余的 例 29 错误的写法 Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors printers and etc 正确的写法 Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors and printers such as 说明后文将给出一个不完全的列表 如果完整地列出所有项目 就不需要用了 例 30 错误的写法 Compared to traditional industry Micro electronic fabrication has three characteristics such as high complexity high precision and high automation 正确的写法 Compared to traditional industry Micro electronic fabrication has three characteristics high 9 complexity high precision and high automation 3 一些有用的建议 一些有用的建议 1 有些词的单数和复数形式是一样的 复数形式不需要添加 s 这些词包括 literature 表示研究时 equipment staff 表示一群人时 faculty 2 避免多余的词 下表列出中国作者的一些常见错误 3 某些词通常要求它们所修饰的词用复数形式 例如 different various 以及一些数字 4 不要用缩写和阿拉伯数字作为句子的开头 如 Fig 8 应该将它们写成这样的形式 Figure Eight 5 不要写 by this way 应该换成 by doing this 或者 using this method 6 句首不要出现 How to 其他地方也不要写 例 31 错误的写法 How to find the optimal parameter is the main objective 正确的写法 Determining how to find the optimal parameter is the main objective 7 将 the results are showed as Figure 2 改成 the results are shown in Figure 2 8 文中出现的变量应该设置成斜体 当变量用字母表示的时候 斜体格式更加重要 它能将变量和单 词区分开来 例如 The graph shows t a and C as a function of time 不要写成 The graph shows t a and C as a function of time 9 不要和下面这段话一样地用单词 obviously 例 32 错误的写法 Obviously detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method 10 正确的写法 Detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method 10 在国际期刊发表论文时 不要使用和当前位置有关的词 如 at home here our country abroad 因为读者很可能不是中国人 也不在中国境内 对于这类问题 正确的写法是 in China 11 避免过多使用 that is to say 和 namely 应该尝试着用一个句子表达完整的信息 12 在句子的结尾 不要用 too 特别是科技论文中 这个更应该禁止 参考文献参考文献 1 LIN Fushen MENG Guang Dynamic Behavior of an Unbalanced and Warped Jeffcott Rotor with Asymmetric Stiffness The State Key Lab of Vibration Shock and Noise Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030 P R China Institute of Vibration Engineering Northwester Polytechnic University Xi an 710072 CHINA 2003 2 ZHANG Yuping JIANG Shouwei Review and Analysis of 3D Model Reconstruction and Application Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Mechanical and Dynamic Engineering 2003 3 DU Shouji Long Distance Box bridge Jacking Research Report of Starting Research Shanghai Jiaotong University Shijiazhuang Municipal Traffic Project Provided a loan by World Bank Contract number TA3 1 4 2003 4 ZHANG Wenqiang YAN Heqing HUANG Xuemei WEI Bin and WANG Chengtao 3D Modeling and Rapid Prototyping for Dentition Defect Restoration School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai 200030 China The Ninth People s Hospital Attached to Shanghai Second Medical University Shanghai 200011 China 2003 5 ZHANG YuPing JIANG Shouwei YIN Zhongwei A Generic Approach for Leather Nesting with an Heuristic Simulated Annealing Based Genetic Algorith Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Mechanical Dynamic Engineering Huashan Road 1954 Shanghai 200030 2003 6 HU Xin XI JunTong JIN Ye Shape analysis and parameterized modeling of a hip joint Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing Shanghai Jiaotong University Post Code 200030 Shanghai China 2003 7 LI LiJun JIN XianLong LI YuanYin WEI JinQiao WU WeiWei A Parallel Solver for Structural Modal Analysis High Performance Computing Center Shanghai JiaoTong University Republic of China 2003 8 CHEN YongGuo TIAN ZiPing MIAO ZhengQing Application of Time frequency Analysis to Fluidization Regimes Recognition in Circulating Fluidized Beds School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Dongchuan Road 800 Shangh