英语四级定语从句讲义以及参考答案.doc

定语从句讲议一 什么是定语从句1. 定语从句(Relative Clause, Adjective Clause, Attributive Clause, Defining Relative Clauses, Restrictive Clauses ) 是一种由关系词(Relative Word) 引导的从句形式的后置定语。它分限定性和非限定性两种(Defining and Non-defining)。2. 关系词分关系代词(Relative Pronoun) 和关系副词(Relative Adverb)以及关系限定词(Relative Adverb ).二 限定性和非限定性定语从句在句法和语意上的区别1限定性定语从句对其所修饰的先行项(Antecedent) 起限制作用，不可缺少，否则句意不完全。主句和从句间不用逗号隔开。2非限定性定语从句只是对其所修饰的Antecedent提供有用的补充情况，缺了它，主句句意仍完整。主句和从句间用逗号分开，常用在书面语中，文体较正式。三关系词的分类关系词分两类：1 关系代词：WHO: refers to persons and used as a subject; WHOM: refers to sb. and used as an objectWHICH: refers to sth. and as a subject, object and prepositional objectTHAT: often refers to sth. sometimes to sb. and a subject, object and prepositional objectNote: THAT cant be used to introduce a non-defining relative clause in an English Examination.2. 关系副词:WHEN: refers to time and used an adverbial.WHERE: refers to place or location and as an adverbial.WHY: refers to reason and as an adverbial. It cant be used to introduce a non-defining relative clause.3. Whose 是表示所属/所有权关系的关系词，是唯一的关系限定词。4. As 是关系代词，可作主语，主补和宾语四 Examples:- Whats the name of he blonde girl who just came in?- Do you think one should stay faithful to the person to whom one is married?- The brocks which fell off the roof caused serious damage.- Wheres the money that I lent you?- The man whose hair is long is an American movie star.- We all look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secret of the universe.- This is the place where I found my lost watch.- That is the reason why I dont agree with you.- The two combers, who were feeling exhausted, went back to their tent.- The Chairmans daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile.- We are going to settle in N. Carolina, where land is cheap.- Im seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.五. 修饰全句的定语从句。- He showed me a photo that upset me.- He tore up my photo, which upset me.- He wore his swimming things in the office, which shocked his boss a great deal.五 Usages of Relative Clauses:1 在限制性定语从句中，常用that来代替其他关系代词，尤其是在口语和非正式文体中，that 如果在从句中作宾语。常省略(zero that ).- Hes a man that ( who ) people like at first sight.- Ive lost the bananas that ( which ) I bought this morning.2. 在下列单词后习惯上用that.All, every ( thing ), some ( thing ), any (thing ), no ( thing ), none, little, few, much, only.- Any man that ( who ) smokes cigarettes is risking his health.- Youre the only person that can help me.3. 当先行项被最高级修饰时，关系代词习惯上用that.- Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.4. 关系代词在SVC结构中作主语补语或there be 结构中作“实意主语”时，通常用that指人或物。- Dr. Smith still talks like the man ( that ) he was en years ago.- He asks for the latest book ( that ) there is on the subject.5. 在表示方式，时间或地点的单词后，常用zero that 来代替 in which, when 或where.- I didnt like the way ( that ) she spoke to me.- Ill never forget the Sunday ( that ) you first arrived.- Do you know any where( that ) I can get a drink?6. 先行项被 the only, the very, the same, the last, the first time + clause 修饰时, 习惯上用 that.7. 当以 who/ which 开始的特殊疑问句，惯用that.六 有时非/ 限制性定语从句在语意上起状语分句的作用，表示原因， 目的，结果，条件或让步等意义。- He is clever and quick at his work, for which he is honored with the title of model worker. ( so that : result )- He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter . ( purpose )- The headmaster was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished esp. to talk to or to hear from. ( cause )七 AS 引导定语从句。( 主要是非限定性， 也可以是限定性。)当as 引导以整个分句，整个谓语或述谓成份为先行项的非限定关系分句时，其仍然保留“理由，比较，方式，等同”等意义；as 引导的分句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而且一般是肯定句，对主句意义起辅助作用，表示正如等意义。其在句中的位置可以是句尾，句中或句首，是介乎关系分句和状语分句的语法结构。The same as ; such as ; as as - He married her, as/ which was natural. ( SVC / SV ) as a subject- He seemed a foreigner. As / which in fact he was. ( SVC) as a SC- He is fond of music, which / as Im glad to hear. ( SVO ) as an object- Mumy treats me just like a baby, which / as I cant bear.- As he realized, I was very useful to him.- We are facing the same problems as we did years ago = We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We find such shrubs as will best stand up to hard weather. = We find shrubs which best stand up to hard weather.八 在非限定性从句中，限定词如 some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, few 可与 of whom 和of which 连用- Its a family of 8 children, all of whom are studying music.- Ive tried 8 courses of dishes, none of which is to my taste.有时我们还常看到这样的结构。A number of whom, three of which, half of which, the majority of whom, the youngest of whom.九Preposition + Relative pronoun +Infinitive: ( Non-finite Relative Clause )- We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play. ( formal; we usually have a garden to play in in place of it.)十. Preposition + Relative Pronoun: which, whom, whose ( formal )- They tried to think of a plan by which they coul