高中英语语法讲解不定式.doc

高中英语语法讲解不定式（The Infinitive）定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。 E.g. He wants his students to read the book aloud.A基本形式1不定式的构成 （以动词do为例）主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing无完成进行式to have been doing无2J不定式的意义不定式的一般式(to do )一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).eg: My wish is to become a doctorHe seemed to be tired.She stopped to have a rest.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.I am going to Beijing, I have something to take to my parents, do you have something to be taken to your parents? 不定式的进行式（to be doing）如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时, 不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.eg: They are said to be building another bridge across the street.They seemed to be talking about something important.When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.Im glad to be working with you.不定式的完成式 (to have done)如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done).eg:He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He thought it a pity not to have invited us.The assistant seemed to have been fired.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties.不定式的完成进行式(to have been doing)如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.eg: They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Xinjiang.Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.B. 用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。一、不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。=动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。eg: To finish the building in a month is difficult. To do such things is foolish.To see is to believe. (对等)To make a new dress takes her a lot of time.注意：1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2) it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中：(1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do(2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to doIt is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary(3) It is +a/an +名词+ to do.It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / ones duty / an honor / a shame / a crime / no easy job to do (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do(5)It requires courage / patience / hard work to do*注意: probable 和 possible 均可作表语，但possible可以用不定式作真实主语， 而probable不能用不定式作真实主语。It is probable for him to come to the meeting.(错）It is possible for him to come to the meeting.It is possible / probable that he will come to the meeting.3）主系表结构 To see is to believe.二、不定式做表语主语多用aim duty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish purpose task 等抽象名词或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容, 不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。eg: My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.What I would suggest is to start work at once. My wish is to be a scientist.The main thing is to keep our room clean.注意：1不定式to let, to blame, to rent,to hire做表语,主动表被动. The house is to let.2.有do无to，无do有to3.be to do可构成将来时态,表“计划安排，职责意图，警告命令，约定可能性，命中注定”等; be是助动词，无词义,其主语为具体名词(人/事物); to be可用be going to或will/shall代替,此时不定式是谓语的一部分,而不是表语.She is to return next week.No one is to leave the building.三 动词不定式作宾语ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）想要学习 早打算（ want learn plan）快准备 有希望（prepare hope wish expect） 同意否 供选择（agree offer choose）决定了 已答应（decide be determined promise）尽力去 着手做（manage undertake）别拒绝 别假装（refuse pretend）失败不是属于你（fail）e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen. We hope to get there before dark. The girl decided to do it herself. *注意:1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop go on remember forget regret try mean cant help be used to2某些及物动词think,believe,consider,feel,find,make等后常用it作形式宾语 e.g Technology makes it possible to realize our dream.四 动词不定式做定语1不定式作定语需要后置。2. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语 （逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系）或同位关系1)动宾关系: eg: I have a lot of work to do. Give me a piece of paper to write on.2)主谓关系: eg:She is the best person to finish the work.Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboat.3)修饰性关系(同位),不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象，它所修饰的词多为抽象名词。need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement.eg: There is no need for him to come. He has no time to read the book. This is the right time to start.Her wish to be a singer never came true.注意为动宾关系的不定式，必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词；如果不定式所修饰的词是way 或 place, 介词可省略。 eg:It is a comfortable sofa to sit on.He has no way to go (by). This is the best place to work (at)五宾语补足语eg :He wants you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.注1 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。eg :I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that?但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.注2 .help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。 They helped (to) carry the furniture upstairs.六 不定式做状语不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、 条件等。1、表目的 e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best (主语一致) He came here to attend an important meeting.He came here in order to see Charlie.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于 其他功能的标志之一。l 但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to, in order to ，但却不可以是so as to. To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.To get the best results, use clean water. To be elected monitor of our class, he made full prepares to make a speech. * 放在句末时， to do 表示目的， 不可有“，”若用doing 表示伴随 e.g. He bowed to us to thank us for helping him find the way.He worked day and night, hoping to finish the work beforehand.注：1. 不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语 (主语一致)e.g.:He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.例外 e g: He opened the door for the children to come in. They sent a man to mend the window.2、表结果 不定式结构表示结果常见于下列句型1) so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?2) such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that.3) adj./adv. + enough to The boy is old enough to go to school.4) too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.5) only to find , only to be told 出乎意料之外的结果 3表原因 不定式可以用于情感形容词或-ed分词后表示原因。 He was too excited to get high marks.七同位语Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?八独立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like you. They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., to be exact.类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等C不定式的否定式通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。eg:I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.D动词不定式的“省略”一、不定式省to 1. 在had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than, cannot but, why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如: Youd better tell her the truth. 你最好告诉她真相。2. 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。如: What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳,你还喜欢干什么? My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive. 妈妈只好等着医生的到来。 Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her. (本句中不定式符号to不可省略) 当时他毫无选择的余地,只好告诉她了。3.两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to通常要保留。eg: They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系) 他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列关系) 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。4.在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to通常要保留。如:They made that man work all the morning. 他们让那个人干了一个早晨。That man was made to work all the morning. 那个人被要求干了一个早晨。5. 不定式短语作表语,不定式符号to常常要保留,但主语部分含有动词do或do的其他形式时,作表语的不定式常省略不定式符号to。如:The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。The only thing I can do now is (to) go on by myself.我现在唯一能做的就是靠自己继续进行下去。二、不定式省do留to1.为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。Ms King lied to us because she had to.I heard that you would go to Dalian for your holiday.I planned to, but I have some important business to deal with.注意在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式to be.或完成式to have done时,则不定式符号to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:Arent you the headmaster? 你难道不是校长吗?No, and I dont want to be. 我不是,而且我也不想当。Hasnt he finished writing the report? 难道他还没写完报告吗?No, but he ought to have. 是的,但他本来应该写完。2.当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to. If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to. He didnt come, though we had invited him to. Did your husband give up smoking? No. He was advised to, but he wouldnt listen.E不定式的各种结构1.不定式的复合结构 for /of+ 宾格词 + 不定式It is difficult for us to learn a second foreign language.It is cruel of the mother to treat her son like that.I consider it necessary for her to learn French.The best thing is for us to make our own decision.There is a lot of work for us to do.He opened the door for the car to enter. The book is too easy for them to read.2with/without + 宾格词 + 不定式此结构在句中常作原因状语，宾格词是不定式的逻辑宾语。With so much work to do, I shall not be able to watch the match with you.Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 3疑问词（who, which, what， how, when, where）+ 不定式 （why除外） 此结构相当于名词词组，在句中可作：1） 主语 When to visit that farm has not been decided yet.2） 宾语 We must know how to operate this machine.3） 表语 The problem now is how to collect enough money.4)同位语 The problem what to do next is unknown. 注意：以上三种都用不定式的主动态4.“there to be + 宾格词”结构 I dont want there to be any misunderstanding.5. intend, plan, hope, expect, mean, promise, want, think, wish, were (was), would like, should like + 不定式完成式，可表过去没有实现的愿望，期待和计划。He intended to have come. = He intended to come, but he didnt.She wished to have bought a car. = She wished to buy a car, but she didnt.JI meant to have called on you, but I was too busy.JShe hoped to have passed the exam. (but she didnt)I would like to have gone abroad. (but I didnt)6.besaid/known/reported/believed/considered等+不定式 7.appoint/accept/declear/guess/imagine/consider/find/think等+ to beF常见的含有动词不定式的句式主要有以下几种：一. It takes sb. some time （money）to do sth. 1.It often takes me half an hour to watch TV every evening. 2.It took me ten yuan to buy the book last week. 3. How long will it take them to finish the work? 二. Its time to do sth. 该做某事了， Its time to go to school. 该上学了。 （Its time for school.） Its time to get up. 该起床了。 此句可以扩展为：Its time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时间了。 for sb. to do sth. 是动词不定式的复合结构。例： Its time for me to work. 到我工作的时间了。 Its time for you to go to school. 到你们上学的时间了。三. 主语be（not）+adj.+enough to do sth. The boy is old enough to go to school. Im tall enough to reach the top of the tree. *1. 此句是肯定句时，可以用主besoadj.that的句型（即so,that表示的结果状语从句）来替换。 The boy is so old that he can go to school. Im so tall that I can reach the top of the tree. 2. 此句是否定句式时，既可以用sothat引导的结果状语从句来替换，还可以用tooto句式替换。例： He is not old enough to go to work. He is so young that he cant go to work. He is too young to go to work.The box is not light enough for me to carry. The box is too heavy for me to carry. The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. 四. sb. +be ready + to do sth. （某人乐意做某事） He is always ready to help others. Im always ready to make new friends. 五. Its +adj. + for / of sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事 例： Its dangerous for children to play football in the street. 对孩子来说在街上踢足球是很危险的。 Its good for us to take more exercise. 对我们来说多运动是有益的。 Its very kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。 Its very kind of you to help me. 你真好，肯帮我。 该句式中，引导动词不定式的逻辑主语的介词用for还是of，主要取决于前面的形容词。如果形容词是描述动词不定式的行为者的性格、品质的。如：kind, good, nice, wrong, right, clever, careless, foolish等，应用of；如果形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对动词不定式的行为者的品质进行评价的，就用for. 常见这类形容词有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous等。 Its wrong of you to do it. 你做这件事是错的。 Its hard for you to be a lawyer. 对你来说做律师很困难。六. 主+would like / love to do sth. 喜欢（想做某事） Id like to go there with you. Id love I like to help you study English. 此句式还可以扩展为： would like / love sb. to do sth. “喜欢/想让某人做某事。” Id like you to stay here. Id like them to help me. 七. had better do sth. （最好做） Its very cold outside, youd better put on your coat. Wed better go right now. had better do 的否定式为had better not do. （在better后加not即可）例：Youd better not speak when your mouth is full of food. 八. Why dont you +动词原形+？（Why not动词原形？）你为什么不？ This book is a bit hard, why not read something easier? Its warm here, why dont you take off your coat? There is a seat, why not sit down? 九. Would / Will / Could you please 动词原形？ 请你好吗？（用来请求对方为自己做某件事） Would you please bring some water with you? Will you please help her with her maths? 十. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿也不愿 I prefer to stay at home rather than go out. She prefers to be poor rather than get money in such a way. 十一. Its ones turn to do sth. 该轮到谁做某事了。 ones用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格来替换。例： Its my turn to be on duty. Its Li Pings turn to clean the blackboard. Its our turn to do the cleaning. Its Dannys turn to give a talk. 十二. 主语be形容词to do sth. 做某事如何。例： Im sorry to hear that. Im glad to see you again. G学以致用1.The teacher told them _ make so much noise.A.dont B.not Cwill not D.not to 2.Our master often told us _ things for granted. A.not to have B.not to take C.didnt take D. not to make 3.Tell him _ the window. A.to shut not Bnot to shut C.to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to driveB. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating 7. The workers want us _ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A.grow B.grew C. was growing D.to grow 11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak D.to speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A.cry；to cryB.crying；crying C.cry；cry D.to cry；cry 13. He was made _. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go 14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 18.“ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A.to leaveB.to be leaving C.will you leaveD. are you leaving 19. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will 21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A.not to seeB. not seeing C. to not seeD. aving not seen 22.-The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 23We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be takenB. to take C. being taken D. taking 25. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to _. A. make friend with B. make friends of C. make friends D. make friends with 27. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one. A. to do B. doing C. with D.to be doing 28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A.to have rested B.resting C. to rest Drest 29. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. Aso not as to Bso as not