ie工业工程_提议评估

OfferEvaluation 1 LeRoyH Graw EdD C P M CPCM CPP CPPM Knowledge Skill Ability Evaluatecompetitiveofferingstodeterminetheoverallbestofferforaproduct service ThreeMajorTests Responsiveness oftheoffer bid Responsibility ofthesupplier ReasonablenessofPrice oftheoffer bid TheDecisionProcess 2 StepsinEvaluationandSelection StepsinEvaluationandSelection Establishtechnicalandcost priceevaluationteamsandbriefevaluationteamsonevaluationmethodology Receive log andabstracttechnicalandcost priceproposals Performtechnical costevaluationandreportresultstosourceselectionofficial Performcost andprice analysisanduseinnegotiationwithsuppliers asnecessary SourceSelectionDecisionandAwardContract SourceSelection Sourceselectioninvolves evaluatingbidders proposalschoosingthebestonenegotiatingthecontractawardingthecontractItishelpfultoprepareformalevaluationproceduresforselectingsuppliers SampleProposalEvaluationSheet DetailedCriteriaforSelectingSuppliers TechnicalEvaluationoftheSupplier sTechnicalProposal Thecompletenessofthesupplier sproposedcosts Thisassumesthesupplierpresentedaworkplantoaccomplishtheproposedeffortsinitstechnicalproposal Therelationshipoftheproposedcoststotherequiredwork Inthisassessment thetechnical managementteamwilldeterminewhetherallcostsproposedarenecessaryforthesatisfactorycompletionofthework Proposedcostsforworkdeterminedtobeunnecessaryshouldbeexcluded TechnicalEvaluationoftheSupplier sTechnicalProposal Thedegreetowhichtheproposedeffortisduplicated Agivencostproposalmaycontaincostswhichhavebeenproposedelsewhereinthesameproposalorinpriorproposalsforworkthatwascompletedpriortotheinstantcontract Thevalidityoftheestimatingtechniquesemployedintheproposal Ifhistoricaldataisusedinprojectingfuturecost theteamshoulddetermineifthecurrentcontractschedule workload andotherconditionshavebeenadequatelyconsideredasabasisforprojectingthehistoricalcoststothefuture TechnicalEvaluationoftheSupplier sTechnicalProposal Theimpactofscheduleandworkload Thisevaluationlooksatthetimeperiodforthecontractscopeofworkandattemptstodeterminewhetherthetotalquantityofeffortproposediscorrelatedwiththatscope Theteamwillreviewthecostproposaltoassurethemselvesthereisaproperbalanceofmanpowerworkingonataskversusthetimespanoverwhichthetaskisperformed PriceAnalysis Thecomparisonofbottomlineprices withoutconsiderationofthecostsorprofitthatmakeupthebottomline CostAnalysis Thereviewandevaluationoftheindividualcostelementsthatmakeupthesupplier sprice Costelementsaretypicallyincludedinthesupplier scostestimate proposal oftenaccompaniedbytechnicalorotherproposals ProfitAnalysis Thereviewandevaluationofthesupplier sprofitdollars percentages andfactorsincludedinthesupplier scostestimate proposal Cost Price andProfitAnalysis TheSequenceinMakingthePricingDecision AccountingAnalysis TechnicalAnalysis CostAnalysis PriceAnalysis ProfitAnalysis ThePurposeofPriceandCostAnalysis PriceandCostAnalysisNegotiationPosition s NegotiateReachAgreementAwardContract PriceAnalysis WhenConducted Oneveryprocurement PriceAnalysis WhenConducted Byitself nocostanalysis Lowdollarpurchases Mostcompetitivepurchases eventhoughofalargedollarvalue Purchasesbaseduponexistingcatalogormarketprices Purchasesofitemsorservicesforwhichregulatedpricesexist regulatedutilityservices CostAnalysis WhenConducted Highdollarpurchaseswherepricecompetitionintheprocurementdoesnotexist Majorequipmentorserviceitemswherethebuyingorganizationhasspecifiedtheitems Wherethereisnoknownmarketorcatalogpricesexistingforthegoodsorservices Whenlaw regulation industrypractice companypolicy orgoodbusinesspracticerequireorfavoritsuseandcostnegotiationisexpectedoranticipated MethodsofPriceAnalysis Comparisonwith Competingoffersontheinstantprocurement Establishedcatalogprices Establishedmarketprices Pricessetbylaworregulation Currentpricespaidforthesameorsimilaritems pastpricespaidforthesameorsimilarrequirement andpastoffers Producerpriceandothermarketindexes Costestimatingrelationships toincluderoughyardsticksandparametricrelationships In houseestimates Pricesdeterminedbyvalueandvisualanalysis ElementsofCostAnalysis 1 Determinationofthenecessityforandreasonablenessofproposedcosts 2 Projectionoftheofferor scosttrends onthebasisofcurrentandhistoricalcostorpricingdata 3 Atechnicalappraisaloftheestimatedlabor material toolingandfacilitiesrequirementsandofthereasonablenessofscrapandspoilagefactors 4 Theapplicationofauditedornegotiatedindirectcostrates laborrates orotherfactors SupplierCostElementsComparedWith 1 Actualcostspreviouslyincurredbythesamecontractororofferor 2 Previouscostestimatesfromtheofferororfromotherofferorsforthesameorsimilaritems 3 Othercostestimatesreceivedinresponsetothesolicitation 4 Independentcostestimatesbytechnicalpersonnel 5 Forecastsofplannedexpenditures Technical Quantitative AnalysisoftheSupplier sCostProposal Theappropriatenessoftheproposedskilllevelandmix Thisanalysisisimportantbecauselaborisgenerallythelargestelementofcostinmanycontracts Partofunderstandingandevaluatingestimatedlaboristorecognizethepatternsintheincidenceofdifferenttypesoflabor Eachphaseofaworkeffortwillhaveitsownuniquecombinationofrequiredlabortypes Theskill grade andsalarylevelsproposedmustmakesensewhenthephasesarecomparednotonlywiththejobasawhole butwitheachother Technical Quantitative AnalysisoftheSupplier sCostProposal Thereasonablenessofproposeddirectlaborhours Thisanalysisattemptstodeterminewhetherornotthesupplierhasbasedthehoursonproperplanningandthatitcontemplatesthesounduseoflaborandreasonableeconomyandefficiencyofoperation Thetestsforlaborhourreasonablenesswillincludeconsiderationofthenecessityoftheproposedeffort theadequacyoftheworkplan whetheranyworkhasbeenduplicated theapplicabilityofhistoricaldata theconditionsunderwhichtheworkwillbeperformed theestimatingmethodsemployed andthesupplier sknowledgeofthetask Technical Quantitative AnalysisoftheSupplier sCostProposal Thereasonablenessoftheproposedmaterialtypesandquantities Materialcanbequitesignificantasacostelement Ideally thesupplierwillhavedevelopedconsolidatedlistsorbillsofmaterialsbaseduponsomesortoftakeofffromexistingplansanddrawings Inthateventuality theengineer technicalmembercanreadilycomparethequantityofproposedmaterialwiththequantityofmaterialestimatedonthedetailedin houseestimate Intheabsenceofsuchplans thesuppliermayhavetorelyonhistoricalexperience Technical Quantitative AnalysisoftheSupplier sCostProposal Thereasonablenessoftheproposedotherdirectcosts quantities Otherdirectcostsarethosecostswhicharespecificallyidentifiedwithaprojectbutwhichdonotfallwithintheclassificationofdirectlaborordirectmaterial Examplesincludeequipment subcontracts travel automaticdataprocessing consultants andmeetingsandconferences Thesedirectcostsarereviewedtodeterminewhetherthecostsareproperlyclassifiedinaccordancewiththesupplier saccountingsystem andthebackupdatainsupportofthecostsarevalid current andapplicabletotheworkrequired Technical Quantitative AnalysisoftheSupplier sCostProposal Thereasonablenessoftheproposedprofitorfee Althoughthetechnicalteamshouldnotbeaskedtodeveloparecommendedprofitorfee itcanrenderanopinionontheinherenttechnical management andcostrisktheyperceiveintheworkaswellasanopiniononthedegreetowhichthesupplieriswillingtoassumethatrisk Generally highercostestimates paddingofcost eitherinquantityorrates evidenceanunwillingnessbythesuppliertoassumerisk Accounting RateAnalysis ProposedLaborRates Oncontractswithincumbentfirms analystshouldreviewhistoricalpayrollsandtrackspecificemployeestotheproposal Oncontractswhichrequirethesuppliertoacquirenewemployees theofferlettersmaybereviewedtodeterminerates Lackingthisevidence wageandsalarysurveyinformationavailablefromtheAmericanManagementAssociation theU S DepartmentofLabor andotherscanbeconsultedforreasonable market basedratesintheareaofcontractperformance Accounting RateAnalysis ProposedMaterialPricesOncontractswithincumbentfirms theanalystshouldreviewbooksandrecordstotrackpricespaidforproposedmaterials Thesepricespaidmustbeextendedtotheperiodofcontractperformanceusinganappropriatewholesalepriceindexescalator Onallcontracts materialpricesshouldbepeggedtopublishedcatalog ormarketprices Theanalystmustassurethatcostsareconsistentlytreatedinaccordancewiththenormalcost keepingsystemofthesupplier thatcostsaretraceabletoandcanbesupportedbybillsofmaterial supplierquotes andsubcontracts andthatcostsarereasonableinviewofactualprices adjustedfortradediscounts refunds rebates allowances promptpayment etc Accounting RateAnalysis ProposedOtherDirectCostPrices RatesOtherdirectcostsgenerallyincludeacombinationofdifferenttypesofcosts includingspecializedlabor equipment andsupport typecosts Theratesforthesetypesofcostsshouldbeanalyzedbypeggingthemwhereverpossibletothemarketaswellaspasthistoryandexperiencebythesupplierand orcontractingorganization Accounting RateAnalysis ProposedOverheadandG ARates Ifthesupplierisdoingbusinesswithagovernmentalentity hemayhavehadanoverheadrateauditbythatgovernmententity Auditresultsareformalizedintoarateagreementthattellsthefirmwhatrateswillbeusedforprospectivebiddingpurposesaswellasforretrospective close out purposes Ifnorateaudit theanalystshouldrequestthesupplierdivulgehisdetailedestimateofthecostsincludedintheoverheadandG Apoolprojectionsforthecontractperiodinquestion divulgehisestimatedbasesusedincalculatinghisratesforthatperiod andexplainhowtherateswerederived Withoutthat theanalystshouldrequestcertifiedfinancialinformationfromthecompanywhichcanbeusedtodorateapproximations Profit FeeAnalysis Profit Feeshouldbearacloserelationshiptothetechnical management andcostriskoftheworkandthedegreetowhichthesupplieriswillingtoassumethatrisk Generally highercostestimates paddingofcost eitherinquantityorrates evidenceanunwillingnessbythesuppliertoassumerisk Inadditiontoconsideringriskandtherelativedifficultyofthejob thecontractingprofessionalshouldconsiderthesizeofthejob theperiodofperformance theamountofinvestmentbeingmadebythesupplierinperformingthework theamountofassistance project providedpropertyandfinancing beingprovidedbytheproject andtheamountofsubcontractinginvolved Differences PriceandCostAnalysis FactorPriceCostWHENCONDUCTEDBEFOREAWARDSAMEDETAIL COMPLEXITYLIMITEDMEDIUMTOVERYTIMEREQUIREDMINUTES HOURSHOURS WEEKSCOSTTOCONDUCTMINIMALSIGNIFICANTPERSONNELNEEDEDBUYERTEAMSKILLSREQUIREDBASICALGEBRAALGEBRA ACCTWHENCONDUCTEDALWAYSASNECESSARYINFORMATIONNEEDEDBIDSCOSTPROPOSALPROFITALSOANALYZEDNOYES Summary Conclusions Theconclusionthatapriceisfairandreasonablemustbebasedonsomeformofpriceand orcostanalysis Howdetailedthisanalysiswillbedependsonthedollarvalueandthenatureoftheproductorservicebeingpurchased Summary Conclusions Someformofpriceanalysisisrequiredforeverypurchase Althoughthisistrue priceanalysistakesonspecialimportancewhenemployedbyitself Priceanalysisisgenerallyusedwithoutcostanalysisforlowdollarpurchases formostcompetitivepurchases eventhoughofalargedollarvalue forpurchasesbaseduponexistingcatalogormarketprices andforpurchasesofitemsorservicesforwhichregulatedpricesexist regulatedutilityservices Summary Conclusions Toperformpriceanalysis thecontractingprofessionalmusthaveabaseorreferencetowhichthequotedpricecanbecompared Thatbasisforcomparisonmustitselfbeknowntobereasonable Toestablishcomparabilityonemustconsiderthequalityoftheitemsforwhichpricesarebeingcompared thequantitiesinvolvedinthesale thedeliveryconditions f o b originversusf o b destination andthemarketconditions Summary Conclusions Manymethodsofpriceanalysisareavailable Selectionofthemethodtousedependsonthespecificfeaturesoftheacquisitionsituation Inmanyinstances acombinationofmethodsisbest Priceanalyticalmethod