九年级unit1知识点.doc

Unit 1 Section A 1a-2cby 的用法:介词, 表示通过方法或途径的意思, 译成“靠, 通过”, 后面可加名词，动名词（v-ing）或名词短语。1) The house was destroyed by fire. 房屋被火烧毁了。2) travel by air /land/sea. 航空（陆路，航海）旅行3) go by train /boat/ bus 乘火车（船，公共汽车）去4) shake sb. by the hand 和某人握手5) I study English by watching English movies. 我通过看英文电影学英语。另外, by作为介词的意义有很多, 例如: 1）在旁边，靠近 There is a power station by the river.河边有一个电厂。2）沿着，经由 come by the highway 由公路来3）由于 by mistake 由于差错4）被，由 some articles written by Lu Xun 一些由鲁迅写的文章5）表示面积 a room 5m by 4m 一间长五米宽四米的房间 6）逐个 one by one 一个接一个look相关短语v look about(round;around); look ahead; look back; look up; look down; look left; look right; look sb. up and downv look sth. up（在字典、参考书或电脑中）查找 look sb. up （顺便）拜访，探望 look up to sb. 尊敬某人 look down on sb. 轻视某人；瞧不起某人 ask相关短语：ask sb. for sth. 向某人要某物ask sb. about sth. 向某人询问有关某事的情况ask sb. to do sth. 要求或请某人去做某事ask sb. not to do sth. 要求或请某人不要去做某事What about?句型what about + v.-ing/ n./ pron. （征求意见）怎么样，如何eg. What about this bike? 这辆自行车怎么样？What about her painting?她的画儿怎么样？What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?大声地读练习发音怎么样呢？辨析aloud/loud/loudlyaloud adv.大声地；出声地，与call,cry,read等连用loud adj. 响亮的；大声的，作表语或定语 adv. 大声；高声，放在speak,shout,laugh,talk后loudly adv. 大声地；响亮地，含有“喧闹”的意味eg. Dont talk so loudly. 别那么高声说话。He read the letter aloud to us. 他把信大声念给我们听。Its too hard to understand spoken English.听懂英语口语太难了。 It +be +形容词 +to do sth. “做某事是 的”。 English-speaking 说英语的tooto是“太以至于不能”可以转化为sothat句型，此时that从句的谓语动词要用否定形式。还可以转换为“not+形容词/副词+enough to do”,其中形容词/副词是tooto中形容词/副词的反义词。eg. He is too young to go to school.=He is so young that he cant go to school.=He is not old enough to go to school.复习现在完成时 (Present Perfect) 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果；或这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并将继续下去。构成：1. 肯定句 现在完成时的肯定句式是 “have (has)过去分词”。 注意： 该句式中的have或has是助动词，has用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用have。2. 否定句：现在完成时的否定句式是 “havent（hasnt）过去分词”。3. 疑问句：现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。回答用Yes, have (has). /No, havent (hasnt).连用时间状语：already, yet, ever, never, just, before, several times 等。注意：当have被用在现在完成时态中时，它可以和前面的代名词一起组成缩写形式。eg. 我曾经到过纽约。Ive been to New York once before. 我刚丢了我的铅笔盒。Ive just lost my pencil-box.现在完成时-与 ever, never 连用1. never 从来没有，从不，表示否定 He has never seen such a tall building. 他从未见过这么高的楼。2. ever 曾经，主要用于疑问句 Have you ever wanted to travel around the world? 你曾经想要周游世界吗？注意：never, ever一般置于助动词have/has之后，过去分词之前。have been to与have gone to 的区别1. have (has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。如： Ive just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。have (has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。Ive been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。 2. have (has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：-Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？ - He has gone to the bookshop. 他到书店去。现在完成时与一般过去时同学们要注意现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。虽然这两个时态都和过去发生的事情有关，但是现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等，而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。如：I have just been to London. I went there last month.我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。I have been to the science museum many times. I went there on our last summer vocation.我已经去了科学博物馆很多次。 上个暑假我还去了呢。Section A 2dAnnie, Im a little nervous.安妮，我有点紧张。 a little 可直接修饰不可数名词。 a bit 修饰名词时其后须加of,即a bit of ,后接不可数名词。 I drank a little milk just now.=I drank a bit of milk just now.finish reading a book 读完一本书finish doing finish后接名词/代词/动词-ingThat doesnt sound too bad. 那听上去不算太糟糕。 sound用作连系动词，“听起来”，其后长跟形容词。 英语中常用的连系动词 一是（be）,一感（feel）,一保持（keep）, 起来四个（sound ,look, smell, taste）,好像（seem）变了仨（ get, turn , become）The more you read, the faster youll be. 你读的书越多，你会读得越快。The +比较级，the +比较级 表示越就越Section A 3a,3b1. The teacher spoke so quickly that I did not understand her most of the time? * too.to : “太.而不能.” 表否定 so. that : “如此.以至于.” 表肯定 eg. The boy is too young to go on his own.The boy is so young that he cant go on his own.2. I want to learn new words and more grammar so that I can have a better understanding of English movies. so that “以便，为了” （从句常用can, could，would，may等） She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time.她努力工作，为的是及时准备好各项工作。3. But I was afraid to ask questions because of my poor pronunciation. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事或不敢做某事 be afraid of doing sth. 担心会发生某事或某情况 Heisafraidtogooutofgoingoutaloneatnight. 他不敢晚上一个人出去。Hewasafraidoflosingface. 他怕丢面子。because of + 名词、代词、动名词 because + 句子I didnt buy it because it was too expensive. He lost his job because of his age.4. I fell in love with this exciting and funny movie! fall / be in love with 喜好，喜爱；恋爱I fell in love with this house. 我喜欢上了这个房子。He is in love with his work. 他热爱自己的工作。They fell in love with each other. 他们彼此相爱了。She was in love with him. 她与他相爱了。5.discover/find 辨析这颗新星是一位中国科学家发现的。 误The new star was found by a Chinese scientist 正The new star was discovered by a Chinese scientist 辨析 find通常表示“发现或找到丢失或遗忘的东西或人”。例如： The police have found the missing child（警察已找到了那个丢失的孩子。） 但是若表示“发现客观业已存在而尚未发现的事物”时，要用discover。 例如：We are not only good at discovering problems，we are also good at solving them （我们不但要善于发现问题，还要善于解决问题。） 注意，表示“发现某种情形或情况”时，find与discover可互换使用。例如： I found discovered that the trees，which had been planted ten years before，were all felled （我发现，十年前种的那些树都遭到了砍伐。）discover 的用法：1. discover how to do sth 发现如何做某事。如：We never discovered how to open the box. 我们始终也没找到如何打开那个箱子。They havent discovered how to improve their techniques. 他们还没有找到提高技术的办法。2. discover sb (sth) to be 发现某人或某物是。如：We discovered her to be a good cook. 我们发现她很会煮饭。We discovered him to be untrustworthy. 我们发现他很不可靠。3. discover sb (sth) doing sth 发现或撞见某人或某物在做某事。如：He discovered her crying in the room. 他发现她在房里哭。I discovered him stealing bread. 我撞见他偷面包。Serve的用法：1.v.（给）提供；端上：serve sth (with sth) / serve sth (to sb) / serve sb sth2.v.够吃（或用）：This dish will serve four hungry people.这盘菜够四个饿汉吃.3.v.接待；服务：Are you being served?有人接待您吗?4.v.对有用；能满足的需求：These experiments serve no useful purpose.这些实验没有任何实际意义.5.v.可用作,可当使（尤其别无选择时）serve （as sth)：The sofa will serve as a bed for a night or two.沙发可以当床凑合一两夜.6.v.产生的效果（或结果）：serve （as sth)：The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others.法官说这种惩罚将起到杀一儆百的作用.7.v.（为）工作,服务,履行义务：serve （sb) (as sth) / serve (in/on/with sth) / serve (under /with sb).8.v.服（刑）：She is serving two years for theft.她因盗窃罪正在服两年徒刑.9.v.把递交；（向某人）递交：serve sth (on sb) / serve sb with sth (如递交传票）10.v.发（球）：Whos serving?谁发球?Section A Grammar Focus-4cmake/take notes 做的笔记，记录 note可以作名词也可以作动词Section B 1a-1e1.I dont know how to increase my reading speed.=I dont know how I should increase my reading speed.疑问词+动词不定式短语，在句中作及物动词know的宾语2.make mistakes in +n./v-ing 在犯错3.increase to 增加到了 Increase by 增加倍，百分之E-mail use is expected to increase by 15 to 25 percent a year. 电子邮件的使用每年以15%到25%的速度在增加。 In this way, the average autumn catch has been increased by two or three times. 这样, 秋季平均捕鱼量增加了两到三倍The price of the book has increased to 50 yuan.这本书的价格涨到了50元。getright 使正确Section B 阅读部分1. Everyone is born with the ability to learn. But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits. (1) Be born 意为“天生，出生”为被动语态， be 动词通常用was 或were，born 为bear 的过去式。E.g. I was born in a small village.我出生在一个小山村。 He was born to succeed in life. 他生来注定会成功。(2) ability 在此处为不可数名词，意为“能力”常构成短语 have the ability to do sth. ( 有能力做某事)， 而不用 “have the ability of doing sth” 结构。 Man has the ability to speak. 人类有说话的能力。(3) whether or not 意为“是否” whether引导主语从句，不能与if 替换。 whether she will come or not is still a problem. 她是否会来还是个问题。(4) Depend on 意为“ 视而定，取决于；依靠；依赖 。后接名词，代词或动名词。既不能用于进行时态也不能用于被动语态。We depend on the newspaper for daily news.我们得靠报纸得知每天的消息。You may depend on his coming.你可以相信他会来。2. Studies show that if you are interested in something, your brain is more active and it is also easier for you to pay attention to it for a long time. (1) Active adj, “活跃的，积极的” 可作表语 或定语。常用短语：take an active part in, 意为“积极参加”Although he is over 80, he is still very active.他虽然年过八十，但是仍很活跃。We all take an active part in the sports meeting.我们都积极参加运动会。(2) pay attention to 意为“注意，关注”，其中to 为介词，其后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。Youd better pay attention to this word in the English exam last time.你最好注意一下上次英语考试中的这个单词。3. Good learners often connect what they need to learn with something they are interested in. (1) connectwith意为“ 把和联系起来” 其中connect为及物动词，意为“（使）连接；与有联系”，其名词形式为connection，意为“连接；关系”Please dont connect this lesson with that person. 请不要把这个人和那个人联系在一起。4. Good learners think about what they are good at and what they need to practice more. (1) Think about 意为“考虑”其后接名词、代词、动词-ing形式或宾语从句。They are thinking about a serious problem.他们正在考虑一个严肃的问题。(2) Be good at “擅长” 同义于 do well in “在某方面做得好”He is good at English.= he does well in English.5. Even if you learn something well, you will forget it unless you use it. （1）Even if 意为“即使，尽管”，用于引导让步状语从句，有退一步设想的意味，同义于“even though” Ill help you, even if I must stay up the whole night. 即使熬夜一整晚我也要帮助你。（2） forget 后直接跟名词、代词、动词不定式或动词-ing形式，但两者意义完全不同。Forget to do sth 和forget doing sth. Forget to do sth: 忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事e.g. I forget to turn off the light. 我忘记关灯了。 I forget turning off the light. 我忘记已经关灯了。6. They also look for ways to review what they have learned. （1）look for 意为“寻找” 后跟名词或代词作宾语。 E.g. they are looking for the missing child. 他们在寻找失踪的孩子。 比较：look for, find与 find outLook for: 寻找，强调寻找的动作和过程，是 有目的的寻找。find: 找到，发现，通常指找到或发现具体的东西，也可指偶然发现某物或某种情况，强调结果。Find out: 弄清，查明，多指通过调查、询问、研究后搞清楚、弄明白，含经过困难、曲折的意味。宾语从句：1语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如：Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？The small children dont know what is in their stockings这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？2）连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class他问我们班上谁的书法最好。The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room老师问我们房间里有多少人。3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？She asked me if I knew whose pen it was她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。2连接词1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用whether：在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（ifor not也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether if he will come or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dont know whether if he does any washing or not（I dont know whether or not he does any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether we go我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用whether。如：Im interested in whether he likes English我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings我担心是否伤了她的感情。在不定式前用whether。如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。I dont know whether to go我不知去否。He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：Whether she will come