课前预习材料(第十五次讲座用).doc

第十五次讲座课前预习材料1210 郑宇欣一般来说，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。因此，英语句字结构中替代和省略相当普遍。I. 名词性替代1. Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.相似的电荷互相排斥，不同的电荷互相吸引。2. He poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in他把他人生中所有遭受的痛苦都写进了他的作品当中，包括他对中产阶级的强烈的憎恨和对这个世界将可以变得更美好的确信。3. I had always wondered how the ewes knew their own lambs; now I learned that it was partly by voice, but chiefly by smell, looks not entering into it. This is why, when a lamb runs up to feed, the mother always turns her head round and touches it. I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.我一直很好奇母羊是怎么认得她们自己的小羊的，现在我知道了她们有一部分是靠声音来区分的，但主要是靠味道，外形不是内在。这就是为什么一只小羊走上前想要食物的时候，母羊总是转头并碰触小羊的原因。我曾想过这仅仅是一个喜欢小羊的表现，但这似乎是要闻小羊并确定这是她自己的孩子。4. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbit.这种兔子在新西兰和澳大利亚没有天敌，所以它们没有节制地繁殖。5. Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century.世界经济放缓所导致的失业开始减少，新技术性失业可能会在二十世纪末出现并成为很大的社会经济挑战。II. 动词性替代1. Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well.玛丽会说中文，而且说得很好。2. He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature.他从来没有真正成功实现他的抱负。有人觉得如果不是因为他性格不安定，他原本也许能够成功。3. You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides, but seldom get it, and usually dont follow it when they do.总统们经常欢迎他们的副手发表诚实的批评，但是很少会接纳，并且在工作中经常不依照副手的建议去做，这你已经可以把它作为一个一般规则了。4. (In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measures can most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.) They identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.（一般来说，当测试工作中即将被测定的性质能够被准确地定义时，测试工作是最有效的；当它的即将被测定和预测的性质不能够被很好定义时，测试工作是最低效的。）他们鉴定出有很高潜质，但是没有预先被发现的学生，但是他们有很多东西没有做。III. It替代形式1. It is no rare occurrence that young people turn a deaf ear to their parents.年轻人把他们的父母的话当做耳边风不是一个罕见的现象。2. It will therefore come as a great surprise to many Westerners to learn that the rest of the world fears the West even more than the West fears it, especially the threat posed by a wounded West.因此，让很多西方人感到惊讶的是，世界上除了西方国家以外的地方对西方国家的害怕程度比西方国家害怕世界上其他地方的程度更甚，特别是一个受伤了的西方所构成的威胁。3. The underground water is very likely to have dissolved in it materials that help it dissolve certain rock materials. The water dissolved the limestone that was once here and carried most of it away.地下水很可能有溶解在内的物质去帮助它溶解某些岩石材料。这些地下水把曾经在此的石灰石溶解并运走。4. To parliamentarians trained in British terminology, “the government” means the cabinet: a group of the legislatures own members, chosen by it to devise public policies, to manage the legislatures major activities, and to exercise executive powers. In theory, at least, the government continues office only so long as it commands the support of a majority of the legislature. Losing that support, it may be turned out of power at any moment. 对于接受英国术语训练的国会议员来说。“政府”指的是内阁：一组立法机构的自身的成员，他们被挑选来制定公共政策，管理立法的主要活动，和行使行政能力。理论上，至少政府只有在获得大多数立法机关的支持时才可以连任。失去大多数的支持，政府有可能在任何时候被迫失去权力。IV. 省略1. (Its intricate processes are, of course, far above the heads of most of us, but we can at least grasp something of its conclusions and theories and their implications,) and the BBC provides opportunities to do so in numerous talks and discussions, many of them of outstanding excellence.(当然，它的错综复杂的过程以我们的头脑是远远不能够理解的，但是我们至少可以从中得出一些结论，道理和含义。)而且BBC频道在大量的演讲和讨论中提供了机会去这样做，其中许多内容很出色。2. And so we let the exciting new knowledge slip from us, a little further everyday, and our confidence with it.而且我们让这让人振奋的新知识和我们对此的自信每天一点点地流走。3. Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.每个人都对人类社会负有责任，因为他是人类社会的一部分。4. What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort让人产生疑问的是，像英国这样一个国家，假设她有一个愿望，是否能够有机会在许多人都失败的领域中成功，如果假设她真的有机会，也需要作很大的努力。5. Factories known to produce components for missiles and submarines are being camouflaged, as are missiles launching and test sites throughout the USSR.在整个苏联众所周知生产导弹部件和潜水艇的工厂以及导弹发射和测试的地点都被隐瞒了。6. What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort 问题在于像英国这样一个国家，假如它有决心，是否能在许多国家失败的情况下，有取得成功的机会, (?)，是否应该付出巨大的努力。7. There are sharks sleeping at the bottom,” said the guide, flashing an impish grin. “ Lets wake them up.” In a riot of scuba bubbles, tourist and guide plunged 110 feet into an underwater cavern. And, true to his words, the guide darted through the gloom, chasing sleek five-foot long shadows. Not to worry. In the spectacular undersea world off Palau, the sharks are as laid back （自由自在) as the local residents. And who wouldnt be? Slung across the Pacific 800 miles southwest of Guam, the string of islandseight inhabited, 200 or more still unpopulatedmake up one of those increasingly rare commodities, a pacific paradise.“水下的鲨鱼正在睡觉呢，”导游作了鬼脸说，“让我们把它们叫醒。”随着潜水呼吸器咕噜咕噜的水泡声，旅游者和导游潜入了水下110英尺的一个洞天。导游的话不假，他飞快地穿过阴暗层，去追逐那光滑的有五英尺长的影子。不用担心。在帕劳区的水下世界的壮丽景观中，鲨鱼犹如当地居民一样自由自在。但谁不担心呢？遍及关岛西南八百公里海域的一系列岛屿八个有人居住，两百或更多的岛屿仍荒无人烟构成了一个日益稀有的宝地，一个位于太平洋中的乐园。5. Tysons been lost ever since his beloved mentor passed away, forever slithering on the slippery slope between his best and worst impulses. Hence the downward spiral of predatory womanizing, drug and drink binges a