延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换.doc

延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换收藏 2044 次阅读 | 5 个评论 2006-10-05 11:55 延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换 动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。一 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。 例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year?二 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 oclock;例:He died 5 years ago.1.Jack left here five days ago. （杰克五天前离开这里。） 2.Jack has already left here. （杰克已经离开了这里。） 例1使用了一般过去时，仅说明杰克五天前有过“离开这里”这个动作，并不涉及到他现在是否在这儿； 例2使用了现在完成时，仅说明杰克已经离开，并不涉及到他是何时离开的。要想同时表达出两个意思，不少学生会这样写： 3.Jack has left here for five days. （杰克离开这里已有五天了。） 但这是一个错句。之所以错是因为：leave(离开)是一个终止性动词，一般不能与“for”或“since”等表示延续的时间状语连用，除非是否定形式。 终止性动词是表示短暂、非持续性动作的动词，我们也常称它们为“瞬间动词”。这类动词所表示的动作往往发生后就立即结束。如：begin, start, leave, go, come, arrive, join, die, buy, borrow或catch a cold, fall asleep, turn on, get to know, get up等都具有这种特点。终止性动词可以使用完成时态，表示动作的完成并产生了影响与结果。如： 4.He has joined the League. （他已经入团。） 表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。 例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year?三 否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。例:I havent left here for 3 years. I havent heard from him for 3 weeks.四 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：leave be away (from), borrow - keep, die be dead buy - have, begin/start - be on, die - be dead, finish - be over, join - be in+组织机构, be a member of+组织机构, get to know know, open sth - keep sth open, fall ill - be ill, get up-be up, catch a cold - have a cold, come here - be here, go there - be there, become - be, come back - be back, fall asleep - be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach - be (in), leave - be away from, get to know - know, go (get) out be out， put on wear；catch a cold have a cold, return be等。 例:The old man died 4 years ago. -The old man has been dead for 4 years. - It is 4 years since the old man died. -Four years has passed since the old man died. He joined the Party 2 years ago. -He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago. - I have had the book for 5 days. 这些相应的动词或动词短语，可与表示一段时间的延续性主语“for ”，“since ”或“How long ”等连用。如： 6.Mr Li has already been here for half an hour. （李先生来这儿已有半小时了。） 7.The film has been on for ten minutes. （电影开映已有十分钟了。） 8.I have had this computer for 3 years. （这台电脑我买了已有三年了。） 9.How long may I keep this book? （这本书我能借多长时间？）五 如何将终止性动词改为相同含义的状态动词 例4的含义是“他现在是一位团员”，如果想要与表示一段时间的延续性时间状语连用，我们应将终止性动词改为表示同一含义的状态动词。如： 5.He has been a League member for three years.或He has been in the League for three years.（他入团已有三年了。） 六 一时找不到相应的状态动词怎么办 如果一时找不到相应的动词或动词短语我们可用“It is 一段时间since从句（用一般过去时）”或“一段时间has passedsince从句（用一般过去时）”这样的结构来表示，这样原来的终止性动词就可以保留下来。如： 10.It is four months since my elder sister went to Britain. （我姐姐去英国已有四个月了。） 11.More than three years has passed since Mary came to China. （玛丽来中国已有三年多了。） 在例10与例11中，我们既保留了终止性动词go与come,又表达出four months与more than three years这样的延续性时间状语的含义。 七 怎样与until或till正确连用 弄清终止性动词与延续性动词的区别，在与until或till连用时也可以避免出错。 一般来说，until或till前面的谓语动词是延续性动词时，我们常用肯定式： A until (till) B.表示：A一直延续到B的发生，B一开始, A就停止；B不开始，A不停止。例如： （我将呆在家里直到我父母回来。） 言外之意是，我父母不回来，我就一直呆在家里，我父母回来后我就离开家。因此例12又可以改写为： 13.Ill leave home after my parents come back. （我将在父母回来之后才离家。） 如果until或till前面的谓语动词是终止性动词时，我们常用否定式： not A until (till) B.表示：A一直停止到B的发生，B一开始，A就发生；B不开始，A不发生。例如： （直到昨天晚上我才收到通知。） 言外之意是，昨天晚上我一直没有接到通知。 五、since从句中两种时态的不同含义 我们再来分析一下since从句中使用终止性动词与延续性动词的区别。 在since从句中我们往往使用终止性动词的过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那一时刻起”，如： 15.Mr Brown has made quite a few Chinese finends since he came to China. (布朗先生自从来中国以后已交了相当多的中国朋友。) since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的一般过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那延续性动词动作结束时算起”，如： 16.Its three weeks since my aunt stayed here. (=My aunt hasnt stayed here for three weeks.) （我阿姨不在这儿已有三周了。） 17.I havent heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. (自从我离开上海以来，一直没有收到他的来信。) 但是如果在since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时，那么与其一般过去时的含义就完全相反了。试比较： 18.I have been at school since I have been ill. （我生病以来一直在学校里。） 19.I have been at school since I was ill. （我病愈以来一直在学校里。） 弄清since从句中两种时态的不同含义，对于以下例句的理解就不会感到困难了。如： 20.Its 4 years since Mr Li smoked. （李先生戒烟已有四年了。）八 补充练习：1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2. I _ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in3. The factory _ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4. Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5.You mustnt _ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left6.The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over7.Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught8.Ben _ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I _ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned10. How long _ he _ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead11. He _ at eight yesterday afternoon.A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12.He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had 13.-How long _ you _ ill ? -Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been14.Since 2000, he _ h