初中被动语态语法讲解.doc

初中被动语态语法讲解 渠县李渡乡初级中学：范加清 (一) 语态分类 英语动词有两种语态.，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用： 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。 (二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化 主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以 give 为例，列表如下： 一般现在时：am / is / are + done 一般过去时：was / were + done 一般将来时：shall / will + be done 一般过去将来时：should / would + be done 现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done 过去进行时：was / were + being + done 现在完成时：have / has + been + done 过去完成时：had + been + done 将来完成时：shall / will + have been + done 过去将来完成时：should / would + have been + done 注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 (三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态 1. 一般现在时： (1)People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. 2. 一般过去时： (1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. 3. 一般将来时： (1)They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. 4. 过去将来时： (1)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 5. 现在进行时： (1)The radio is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. 6. 过去进行时： (1)The workers were mending the road. The road was being mended. 7. 现在完成时： (1)Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. I have been told the sports meeting might be put off. 8. 过去完成时： (1)When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. (四） 含有情态动词的被动语态： 含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 (1)You must hand in your compositions after class. Your compositions must be handed in after class. (五) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用 1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。 “Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ” 2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。 These cars were made in China. (六)主动语态变被动语态的方法 （1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 （2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。 3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。 (七)语态转换时所注意的问题 1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误) 2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 (1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to her. 2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 (1) A new skirt was made for me. (2) The meat was cooked for us. (3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有： 不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather 4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： (1) We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. (2) She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can answer this question. 误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody. 6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 7. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 误：Who was the story written? 正：By whom was the story written? 8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： (1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 对比： The books sell well. (主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time. (被动句) 9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 误：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English. 误：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 误：Each other is loved. 10. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 据说 It is said that 据报导 It is reported that 据推测 It is supposed that 希望 It is hoped that 众所周知 It is well known that 普遍认为 It is generally considered that 有人建议 It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. 初中被动语态练习题 1. ( ) 1 The Peoples Republic of China _ on October 1, 1949. A. found B. was founded C. is founded D. was found ( ) 2 English _ in Canada. A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken ( ) 3 This English song_ by the girls after class. A. often sings B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung ( ) 4 This kind of car _ in Japan. A, makes B. made C. is making D. is made ( ) 5 New computers _ all over the world. A. is used B. are using C. are used D. have used 2 ( ) 1 Our room must _ clean. A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D. to keep ( ) 2 -Id like to buy that coat.-Im sorry. _. A. it sold B. its selling C. Its been sold D. it had been sold ( ) 3 A new house _ at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building ( ) 4 The key _ on the table when I leave. A. was left B. will be left C. is left D. has been left ( ) 5 Doctors _ in every part of the world. A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need ( ) 6 His new book_ next month. A. will be published B. is publishing C. is being published D. has been published 3 ( ) 1 Japanese _ in every country. A. is not spoken B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is not speaking ( ) 2 These papers_yet. A. have not written B. have not been written C. has not written D. has not been written ( ) 3 The sports meet _ be held until next week. A. didnt B. wont C. isnt D. doesnt 4 ( ) 1 -My shoes are worn out. A. Cant they be mended? B. Let me have a look at it. C. How much do they cost? D. Cant they mended? ( ) 2 _ the watch been repaired yet? I badly need it. A. Does B. Has C. Is D . Are ( ) 3 _ these desks be needed? A. Will B. Are C. Has D. Do 5 ( ) 1 Why _ to talk about it yesterday? A. didnt a meeting hold B. wasnt a meeting held C. wasnt held a meeting D. a meeting wasnt held ( ) 2 Who was the book_? A. write B. wrote C. written D. written by ( ) 3 Where _ these boxes made? A. was B. were C. is D. am 6 ( ) 1 The flowers _ often. A. must be water B. must be watered C. must watered D. must water ( ) 2 The books may_ for two weeks. A. be kept B. be borrowed C. keep D. borrow ( ) 3 The broken bike_ here by Mr Smith. A. can mend B. can mended C. can be mend D. can be mend 7 ( ) 1 The old bridge in my hometown_ next month. A. is going to be rebuilt B. will rebuilt C. are going to be rebuiltD. are going to rebuilt ( ) 2 The play _ at the theatre next Sunday. A. is going to be shown B. will shown C. will show D. is shown ( ) 3 The old stone bridge _ next week .A. is going to be rebuilt B. will be rebuild C. are going to be rebuilt D. will rebuild 8 ( ) 1 Now these magazines_ in the library for a long time. A. have kept B. are keeping C. have been keeping D. have been kept ( ) 2 The pot _ for _ hot water .A. used; keeping B. was used; keeping C. is used; to keep D. are used; keep ( ) 3 Tea _ in the south of China. A. grows B. is grown C. were grown D. will grow ( ) 4 The bridges_ two years ago. A. is built B. built C. were built D. was built ( ) 5 Wet clothes are often _ up near a fire in rainy weather .A. hang B. hanged C. hanging D. hung 9 ( ) 1 The river smells terrible. People must _ dirty things into it. A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwing C. stop to throw D. stop from throwing ( ) 2 The teapot _ water .A. is filled with B. filled of C. fulling of D. filled ( ) 3 Old people must be looked after well and _ politely. A. speak to B. spoken C. speak D. spoken to ( ) 4 Old people must _. A. look after well B. be looked well after C. looked well after D. be looked after well 10 ( ) 1 Newly-born babies_in hospital. A. are taken good care B. are taken good care of C. take good care of D. take good care ( ) 2 They were_ at the sudden noise. A. frightening B. frightened C. frighten D. frightens ( ) 3 These walls _ stone. A. are made of B. made of. C. are made into D. made into 11 ( ) 1 Jane _ to sing us an American song last Saturday. A. called B. was asked C. told D. was said ( ) 2 The papers _ to them. A. were shown B. show C. shown / D. have shown ( ) 3 The coat_her sister. A. made to B. were made for C. was made for D. was made to 12 ( ) 1 I _ five minutes to decide whether I should go or not. A. gave B. was giving C. had given D. was given ( ) 2 Good care_such things.A. should take of B. should be taken C. should be taking D. should be taken of ( ) 3 She will_good care_. A. take; of B. be taken; of C. take; for you D. be taken; of you 13 ( ) 1 The teacher made him_ his homework. A. to do B. do C. did D. done ( ) 2 The boy_ streets without pay in the old days. A. was made to clean B. made cleanC. made to clean D. was made clean ( ) 3 These children_dance. A. were seen to B. were seen for C. were seen D. saw to 14 ( ) 1 These stones_well. A. are fitted B. fit C. fits D. is fitted ( ) 2 The bike _ 500 yuan. A. was cost B. costed C. cost D. is costed ( ) 3 The important meeting _ on a cold morning last year. A. washad B. was held C. held D. had 15 ( ) 1 Great changes_ in the past ten years in China. A. took place B. have taken place C. were taking place D. had taken place ( ) 2 You cant use the computer, it_. A. was broken down B. is wrong C. is bad D. has broken down ( ) 3 Great changes_i