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DZ245电热恒温箱的微机控制系统,毕业设计
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摘要 第一章 介绍 50 年代近地磁源探测法 EM 在西部和俄国的金属探测上发展起来。由于TEM在探矿上的显著特点, TEM系统在地质学的绘图中扮演了一个重要角色,例如,浅层地热源,地下水带水层,地下水污染和盐的侵入,盐床,地表厚度,土木工程和环境调查,洞穴探测和其他的应用。 70年代, TEM在中国有了初步的发展。由于它的综合性,技术上的问题,TEM 被地球物理学的部分学科在学院和大学里仅仅进行研究,调查和应用的题材,而不是作为一种传统的方法 所应用。进口的 TEM系统太昂贵,而本国 TEM系统的质量得不到保证。 近 七年来幸运的是 ,获得了许多好的结果,而且一些由矿石体引起的异常现象已经被证实。另一方面,本国 TEM系统的稳定性已经成功的改进了,并且 TEM可能在扩大应用中得到发展。 在最后的 30年里, TEM被介绍给中国读者认识,我们已经翻译了论文和文献,像 Kamenetskii( 1976)的手册,被 Buselli MCcraken和 Retter(1985)编辑的出版物, Kaufman 和 Kelle的作品, Sidorov(1987)的著作,被 Nabighian(1988)编辑的出版物,被 Piao Huarong(1990)和 Niu Zhilian(1992)(用中文)编写的教科书,等等。 TEM 在中国的发展归因于这些资料。但是促进它广泛发展的是 其中的一些理论和当今中国地球物理学领域和研究工作室中所需的那种单一性。我仅仅喜欢它的近地性和限制在地球物理学领域特有的磁源,因为近地磁源 TEM有天然的优势和容易被发现,由于本国的 TEM系统的强适应性,正如本书中有条件的,全面的讨论的一样。 我希望读者在本书中得到一些益处和新的知识,并且也将有一定的提高。当然在 本书中你也将发现一些错误和不足之处,希望你批评指正。 第二章 基本的 TEM理论 在这章中,我们举例说明早期,中期,后期的电磁波扩散特性和涡流在球体内的分布特性,然后根据 Vauyan( 1960)的近地域,中地域,远地域的实际特征来阐述一些公式,这些公式是根据不同的结构,不同的指标和必要的前提情况给出的。 正如我们所知道的, TEM 的优点之一并不市激起了地形效应,而是关于ntsFEM。地形效应被分为两部分,一是在 TX 与 RX 之间的不同的仰角。 TX 的目标和 RX对准,另一个是由于它的传导性和材料的部分组成结构。根据逻辑推理,前者的主要因素是由于地形效应,而且它被比例模型, 场 磁 倾角方法( FEM)和偶极 偶极 TEM所证实。 根据以上,我们假定一个传导的球体安装在不同的地层和高电阻率的岩石中,然后我们估算重叠回路和中间回路结构的频率响应,并找到频率响应失真于典型频率响应,像峰值位置的改变或中心线不对称,甚至一个峰值失真为三个峰值。因此我们说,地形效应仍然是一个严重的问题,并且应该注意数据分析。 第三 章 比例模型 尽管现今数学模型被广泛的应用,但是比例模型仍然是研究和解释的重要工具 。因为一些不能被数学模型和数学模型数据解释的问题已经被比例模型证实了。对比例模型我们应该遵守二个准 则。因此我们具体分析准则和介绍一些模型材料,设备,画各种 测深 TEM比例模型草图,钻孔挖洞者和山丘指挥等等。 最后我们介绍一个实际的 Elura数据积累模型 。 第四 章 信号检测 TEM系统介绍 这章我们讲的是正确灵活的操作 TEM仪器而不是它的设计。 这里我们介绍三个进口的和四个本国的 TEM 系统。进口的 TEM 系统除了UTEM还有 SIROTEM,数字 PEM和 PROTEM。虽然 UTEM系统是优良系统之一,但是三角波形趋向于在整个采样时间最初产生的波形,然而地形效应在山区更严重。 效应可能被 Lamontagne.Y.L.的正确方案所减少,但是仍然有一连串的麻烦问题。也许这就是在中国没有进口货的原因,那也是我们为什么在这本书中所忽略它了。 四个本国的 TEM系统是 WDC-2B, SD-1, LCTEM和 TEMS-3S。传输电流波的最初两个形式和 SIROTEM系统相同,最初的两个传输脉冲是由电容放电提供的一个高电流 100 200A 的脉冲。当然电流的放电形式伴随着许多问题。TEMS-3S 的设计者彻底的认识到,这些问题将通过谐波分析和相对应硬件设计及软件在系统中的设计 安装所解决。 暂态频率响应的特征是经过我们探测研究和一 些应该排除或使其减到最小的暂态现象来确定的。接收线圈暂态或线圈延迟是问题之一。 A.A.Vakulskiy 和A.S.Fedchishin在 1965年出版了关于这一问题的分析结果。他们假定,传输电流nts是上升的,但是所有的有商业性质的 TEM 系统都是下降的。这个问题在 1976年被 Jiang Bang Yuan 所解决。根据江的理论我们知道,接收线圈是可利用的并且怎样根据特殊情况和符号定律画线圈。同样被定义:当二次测电流与一次测电流相同时,是正的。如果它们不同,则是负的。所以一个响应符号对于一个具有传导性的极板而言在 FEM 中,负、正是正的。在 TEM 中,正、负是负的。这是有道理的 ,但是一些作者绘制响应曲线时对 FEM 和 TEM 用相同的符号,这在解释中有困难。 第五 章 表面探测领域的程序 起先,在这章中,我们介绍了一些普通的结构和它的典型曲线,像单回线,重合回线,同一回线,分离回线和的不固定发射回线。此外,我们提出了一个新的结构,设计两个大小相同的发射线圈 ,相隔 1000或 1500米,电流在两个 线圈中的电流大小相同( 10 20A),方向相反 ,在中间不固定的接受测量。所以,总磁通量的形式对于深层矿石体的探测是有帮助的,因为在一个确定的 线圈 中总磁通量的多少在同一深度中是一致的,仅有的不利是必须用两个变送器。最后我们命名新的结构为同一场中两个确定 TX线圈 结构或 固定的 两个大的分开 线圈 结构。 另外,新的结构是关于测量方面的,像水平,垂直或不同角度的测量。从50 年代至今与测量相关的一些可能的有利条件被忽略了。事实上,垂直测量比绝对测量要好。因为它可以尽量减少或避免大气干扰和电力线的干扰。 顺便我们指出,并不是在任何情况下, 同一线圈就是中心线圈 。自由空间天体的分析对每个环节的固定 线圈和不固定接收线圈的测量是非常精确的。这种同一线圈 结构在 Buslli( 1985)的书中没有给出最佳的延迟时间,但是在 Kamenetskii和 Buslli书中给出了最佳时间为0。 第六 章 数据程序与计算 有三个校正程序, Levy( 1984), Spies( 1985)和 Fitterman( 1987),我们进行 详细的讨论。在场测试中对于同一实况和同一天的数据测量采用不同的持续时间, 0.5ms , 1.0ms 和 1.5ms 。然后用三种不同的程序校正。结果显示,仅仅Fitter 给出的三中电阻率系数曲线是相同的,相对误差少于 10%,但是原始数据的相对误差接近于 100%(持续时间 0.5ms 与 1.5ms 比较)。 nts第七 章 数据分析 这章 的数据 分析主要讲述的是数据图表,探测,但是不包括 测深 。 在数据图表部分尽力对表达式和字母进行分析。依我看来,我更喜欢 向量相交法,它对于不同类型的几何体都有单一性和适应性。另外,值得注意的是我们在分析 带有延迟时间和估计时间常量的响应性质上,那是 TEM数据图表分析的关键。 探测部分是 TEM 的逆变换。最初,精确的电阻率公式是由 Raiche 和 Spies( 1981)导出的,它比较简单,覆盖中心地带,换句话说,如果正确选择回路大小就能覆盖整个场。 接下来我们介绍两种 TEM逆变换探测技术,一种是显著的纵向电导率方法。它是 Eaton和 Hohmann( 1989)提出的快速逆变换技术,它是在 烟圈 理论或扩散在地层中电流涡流特性基础上建立的。最 后我们导出了一个仅仅用计算机计算的更简单的公式。 依据前者,我们能得到不同地层深度,这个深度值和校正系数进行校正,校正系数是依地层类型而定的,不同与常数。 依据后者,我们能得到精确的电阻率系数和符合 的长度。用这些数据画出一个虚拟的图表,以至于两个地层的分界面很模糊。 在这本书中,我们导出了一个新的非常简单的电导率公式和不需要用任何系数校正的视在高度。 数学模型和数字程序两种方法的比较中,数学模型更好一些,它不仅仅适合于地层也适合于传导的矿石体。 第八 章 测深 TEM 测深 TEM的广义解释包括不同的结构 ,即 有电源又有放在钻孔里的接受机,在这章里,传统的 BHEM作为地表发射机结构,并且,接收线圈(和钻孔同轴)降到钻孔以下,读数在正区间,所以也把它叫做表面孔 TEM( SHTEM)。 SHTEM被用来探测钻孔附近未发现的矿石体,所以它是一个探测方法。 对于这个解释 D.V.Woods( 1975)已经研究了大量的测深 TEM 对板状传导体的比例模型,并且 Dyck 已经利用 PLATE 和 SPHERE 程序完成了数学估算。这个结果表述了 SHTEM的性能,像地球物理学在钻孔中的探测,直接用到典型曲线解释领域结果。然而,这些曲线在以后应该 被测量。另一方面,解释人员有和它相同的一些曲线,但是分析起来不容易。 nts这章中,我们提出了一个新的概念,它是在涡流时间和偶合形式的分配特性基础上建立起来的,我们假定如果涡流电流密度集中在某个目标的一部分 ,我们把它叫做相等的传送中心,并且瞬态电磁通量刚好穿过这个中心,电磁通量和偶极子相似。 典型曲线用这方面解释非常合理,事实上,这是经过多次重复实验知道得到满意的结果。 第九 章 实例和历史记录 在这章中我们精选了 29个实例和历史记录。 实例给出了解释步骤和怎样准确,灵活的利用和选择表达式,在第二章和第七章中。 历史记录给出了在地质工程中成功的应用 TEM或其它方面一些可能性的目标,还有一些是正在实验中的,等等。 这些内容不仅仅对地球物理学者很有帮助,对管理者也很有用。 地球物理学及地球化学探测学会 Jiang Bang Yuan 权威的地球物理学家 地址: 中国河北省廊坊 津广路 84号 邮编 065000 nts ABSTRACT Chapter 1 Introduction Near zone magnetic source transient EM was developed on base metal exploration at the 50s,both in the west and Russian. As TEM was establishing its predominance in mineral exploration, TEM systems were gaining an enormously expanded role in general geological mapping, such as, shallow geothermal sources, ground water aquifers, ground water contamination and saline intrusion, depth of bedrock, overburden thickness, civil engineering and environment investigation, cave detecting and other applications. In China TEM was developed initially in 70s, however it is a subject mainly of researching investing and applying merely in Institute and university instead to be as a conventional method applied by Geophysical prospecting group of provinces till now Because of its complexity, besides financial difficulties there are technical problems. The imported TEM system is too expensive and the quality of native TEM system is unstable. Fortunately in recent seven years, a lot of good results was obtained and several better anomalies had been verified to be caused by ore body. On the other hand, the stability of native TEM system had been improved successfully and TEM could be developed with expanding application. For introduce TEM to Chinese readers, last thirty years, we had translated paper and literatures, such as kamenetskiis handbook(1976),edited by Buselli McCraken and Rutters manual(1985),Kaufman and kelles literature, Sidorovs Writings(1987),edited by Nabighians writings(1988),textbook(in Chinese) wrote by Piao Huarong(1900),and Niu Zhilian(1992),and soon. TEM developed (and developing)in China which had been attributed to these materials. But for expanding application to be promoted, some of it are rather theoretical, or else rather simple, is some what unsuitable for Chinese field geophysicist and for the need of workshop in nowadays. I prefer only to its realm of near zone and confine it to magnetic sources which proper for field geophysicist, because of near zone magnetic sources TEM having natural advantages and easy be carried out in the field due to the native TEM system adaptable for that of course the such discussion is in this book should be systematic comprehensive and applicable. I hope that readers would benefit with some useful and new knowledge from here and ntswill have a jump on their competition as well. Of course you will find many faults even mistakes in this book at meantime. I hope you wont spare your comments. Chapter 2 Basic theory of TEM In this Chapter, we describe and illustrate the character of electromagnetic wave diffusion in the ground and the distribution of eddy current within the sphere in early time, intermediate time and late time, then by beginning of explanation of vauyans(1960) practical criterion of near zone. middle zone and far zone at first, accompanying with give some formulas of different configuration to different targets and explanation of what premise condition is necessary. As well know, one of TEM advantages isnt topographical effect excited, relative to FEM. Topographical effect could be divided into two parts, one is due to the different elevations between Tx and Rx. Tx and target and Rx to target, other is due to the conductive and the shape of the materials of relief portion. By logic inference, the former is main factor due to topographical effect, and it was proved by scale modeling and field results of tiltdip angle method(FEM)and dipoledipole TEM especially. On the basis of that, we assume a conductive sphere under different topographic relief and high resistively host rock then calculate the responses of coincident loop and central loop configuration and find that the responses having to be distorted relative to typical response for some position of the peaks are shifted or being a unsymmetrical about center line, even only one peak originally to be distorted to three peaks. So we would like to say that topographic effect is still a serious problem and attention should be paid to data interpretation. Chapter 3 Scale Modeling Scale modeling is still a very important tool for research or interpretation, although numerical modeling applications are widely used nowadays. Because some couldnt be solved with numerical modeling and some numerical modeling data should be proved by scale modeling yet. For Scale modeling there two criteria should be obeyed. Therefore we shall analysis the criteria in detail and introduce some modeling materials, equipment, by drawing up different sketch of borehole TEM scale model, borehole holder and conductor mount etc. Finally we introduced a practical scale modeling data of Elura deposit. ntsChapter 4 Signal detection and TEM system introduction This chapter is written but for operating the TEM instruments correctly and flexibility rather than designing it. Here we introduced three imported and four native TEM systems. The imported TEM system are SIROTEM , Digital PEM and PORTEM except UTEM .Although UTEM system is one of excellent systems, but with triangle waveform current that means primary field exist in whole sampling time, then topographical effect in mountain area would be serious. However such effect could be reduced by correct program as Lamontagne. Y. L. answered (personal com ),but there is still more successive troublesome problem at all. Maybe it is the reason without importation in China , and that is why we neglect it in this book. Four native TEM systems are WDC-2B,SD -1,LCTEM and TEMS-3S.The transmitting current wave form of the first two are same as SIROTEM system, the later two are transmitting single pulse with very high currents of 100200 amperes single pulse supplied by condensers discharge. Of course discharge current form would accompany with lots of problems. The designer of TEMS-3S thoroughly realized, these problems have been solved with harmonic analysis and designed corresponding hard ward and programming soft ward equipped in the systems (). The characters of transient response due to target is what we desire to detect and research for and any other transient phenomenon should be omitted or minimized. The receiver coil transient or coil delay is one of the problems. A. A. Vakulskiy and A. S. Fedchishin published their analytic results about this problem in 1995.They assumed that the transmitting current is in step form , but all of the commercial TEM system are in ramp form. It was solved by Jiang-Bang Yuan in 1976. According Jings studies we could know which receive coil is available and how to design a coil for special case and the sign rule about it. It is defined as that when the direction secondary flux is same as primary one in a component, it is plus, if opposite to each other, it is minus. So that a response signs to a vertical thin conductive plate is plus, minus and plus in FEM, and minus plus and minus in TEM. This is reasonable, but some authors had drawn response curve with same sign both to FEM and TEM. It is would be confused in interpretation. Chapter 5 Field procedure for surface survey ntsAt first, in this chapter we introduce some conventional configurations and its type curves, such as single loop coincident loop , central (or in loop),separate loop and large fixed transmitter loop with roving receiver, which within or out off the loop ,Besides, we suggest a new configuration as that lay out two same size large fixed transmitter loop separated about 10001500meters;the currents flowing in two loops with same amplitude(10-20A)but opposite direction, and with the roving receiver surveying in the middle. Therefore the total flux attitude benefits very helpful advantages for deep ore body detection, because the total flux at shallow deep are weaker and at depth are relative uniform than one fixed loop. The only one disadvantage is that two transmitters are necessary. At last we named the new configuration as two fixed Tx loop with homogenous field configuration or two fixed large separate loop configuration. Another new configuration is to do relative measurement, such as horizontal or ignored from 50s till now, In fact, it the vertical is better than the absolute measurement, because the serifs noise and the power noise can be minimized or to be avoided. By the way, we point out that in-loop is not central loop in any case .For the analytical solution of a sphere in free space is exactly for fixed loop and roving receiver in the loop to do the measurement station by station, but this configuration was called in-loop in Busllis(1985)and there is no optimum delay time in this case, but in kamenetskii and Busllis books showing the optimum decay time equate to Chapter 6 Data proceeding and figuring There are three correction procedures, Levys(1984),Spies(1985)and Fittermans(1987)to be discussed in detail .By the field tests, data measure under same conditions and in one day, but with different turn-off time, 0.5ms, 1.0ms and (Crone Digital PEM),then corrected it with three different procedures. The results show that only Fitters gave three apparent resistively curves agree with each other with the relative error less than 10%.But the relative error of raw data would approximate to 100%(data of turn-off time 0.5ms vs1.5ms) Chapter 7 Data Interpretation Data interpretation in this chapter is expressed for profile and sounding but excluding borehole. In part of profile do my best only to collect useful interpretation expressions and ntsmonograms completely. Buy my opinion, I favor of the vector intersection method, for its simple and adaptability for different shape confined targets. Otherwise, it is emphasized that interpreter should pay attention to analyze the nature of response with delay time and estimate the apparent time constant. That is the key for TEM profile interpretation. Part of sounding is for inversion to TEM. At first we initiated by introducing the exact apparent resistively formula derived by Raiche and spies (1981).It is simple and can cover middle zone. That is to say that should cover all most field situation, if loop size is selected correctly. Then we introduce two inversion techniques to TEM sounding. One is called to be “apparent longitudinal conductance method” .It is based on floating tinplate theory, and is used widely in Russia. The second is rapid inversion technique as Eaton and Hohmann called (1989).Which is based on smoking ring theory, or the behavior of vortex current diffusing into a layered earth. However we derived a more simple formula and can be calculated only with a calculator. By the former we could obtain the depths of every layers, and the depth value should correct with a correcting coefficient which depended on the type of layer, other than a constant. By the latter, we can obtain exact apparent resistively and corresponding apparent depth only. With these data a pseudo-section can be drawn up .So that the interface between two layer is obscure. A new apparent longitudinal conductance formula and apparent depth which we derived in this book are very simple and the later is unnecessary to do correction by any coefficient. Numerical modeling and field data processing show good match with two methods and the new one is better. They are adaptable not only for layer earth but also for some conductive ore body. Chapter 8 Bore-hole TEM Bore-hole TEM can be broadly defined including different configurations that either the source or the receiver (or both)is put into drill hole. In this chapter, however, only a conventional BHTEM is introduced such configuration is that the large transmitter lay out on the surface, and the receiver coil(coaxial with the drill hole)is lowered down the drill hole, taking readings at regular intervals, so it is rather to be called as surface-hole TEM(SHTEM). SHTEM is used to detect missed ore body nearby or under a drill ho
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