托福写作——经典人名举例.doc

Bill GatesWhen Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the worlds No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world. Thomas EdisonWe can learn from the experience of the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison that sometimes a series of apparent failures is really a precursor to success. The voluminous personal papers of Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works. Mother Teresa Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name Saint of the Gutters. The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide. Diana Spencer Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills. Nelson Mandela Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africas antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. Beethoven Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.George BushOn January 16, 1991, President Bush ordered the commencement of Operation Desert Storm, a massive U.S.-led military offensive against Iraq in the Persian Gulf. In late 1992, Bush ordered U.S. troops into Somalia, a nation devastated by drought and civil war. The peacekeeping mission would prove the most disastrous since Lebanon, and President Clinton abruptly called it off in 1993. Jimmy CarterPresident Carters policy of placing human rights records at the forefront of Americas relationships with other nations contributed to a cooling of Cold War relations in the late 1970s. In 1980, for the first time in seven years, Fidel Castro authorized emigration out of Cuba by the countrys citizens. The United States welcomed the Cubans, but later took steps to slow the tide when evidence suggested that Castro was using the refugee flight to empty his prisons. Neville ChamberlainIn 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, peace in our time. Eleven months after the signing of the Munich Pact, Germany broke the peace in Europe by invading Poland. A solemn Chamberlain had no choice but to declare war, and World War II began in Europe. Winston ChurchillIn the early 1930s, Conservative M.P. Winston Churchill issued unheeded warnings of the threat of Nazi aggression from his seat on a House of Commons backbench. With German tanks racing across France, Churchill spoke to the British people for the first time as prime minister, and pledged a struggle to the last breath against Nazi conquest and oppression. In the summer of 1940, the democracies of continental Europe fell to Germany one by one, leaving Great Britain alone in its resistance to Adolf Hitler. The Nazi leader was confident that victory against Britain would come soon, but Churchill prophesied otherwise, telling his countrymen that the Battle of Britain would be their finest hour. Bill ClintonIn 1994, President Clinton authorized a military operation to overthrow Haitis military dictators and restore its democratically elected leader. On the eve of invasion, bloodshed was prevented when former president Jimmy Carter brokered an agreement with Haitis leaders in which they pledged to give up power. Dwight D. EisenhowerOn June 5, 1944, the supreme Allied commander ordered commencement of the D-Day invasion, the largest combined sea, air, and land military operation in history. Eisenhower told the 3 million men of the Allied Expeditionary Force, The eyes of the world are upon you! In 1956, Israel, Britain, and France invaded Egypt in protest of its nationalization of the Suez Canal. The U.S.S.R. and the United States, both vying for greater influence in the Middle East, forced the three nations to end their occupation of the strategic canal. Princesses Elizabeth and MargaretDuring the Battle of Britain, the children of King George VI delivered a radio address to British children who had been evacuated abroad. Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, like their parents, weathered the dark days of World War II in Britain. Gerald FordNine days before the fall of Saigon, President Ford spoke on the resignation of South Vietnamese President Thieu. Soon after, the United States launched a massive helicopter evacuation of tens of thousands of anticommunist South Vietnamese and the last few Americans remaining in the country. Mohandas GandhiIn 1931, Gandhi, the political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement, was released from prison to attend the London Round Table Conference on India as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. GorbachevAs leader of the U.S.S.R., Mikhail Gorbachev was a great force for peace, even at the cost of the Soviet governments downfall after 74 years in power. Adolf HitlerA few days before his occupation of the Sudetenland, a confident Hitler addressed a Nazi rally at Berlins Sportpalast stadium, and reassured the crowd that if war came with Britain and France the German Wehrmacht would be victorious. Pope John Paul IIIn 1995, the pope addressed the United Nations on the occasion of its 50th anniversary. Reaffirming his support of the ideals and goals of the U.N., he praised the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called for the U.N. to become the moral center of a family of nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Richard NixonIn a defining moment of the Cold War, Vice President Nixon and Soviet leader Khrushchev engaged in an impromptu debate about the merits and disadvantages of capitalism and communism. The exchange, which took place in Moscow in front of a replica of a suburban American kitchen, was known as the Kitchen Debate. Douglas MacArthurOn September 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, the most destructive war in human history officially came to an end as representatives of the Japanese government and military signed their countrys unconditional surrender. After clashing with President Truman over war policy, MacArthur was relieved of his command of U.N. forces in Korea and returned to the U.S. for the first time since before World War II. Given a heros welcome, he addressed a joint meeting of Congress, where he declared, Old soldiers never die, they just fade away. Richard NixonIn 1973, after five years of talks, the United States and North Vietnam reached a peace agreement to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Two years later, Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces and Vietnam was unified under Communist rule. Ronald ReaganIn 1984, Reagan called for an international ban on chemical weapons. Six years later, President Bush and Soviet leader Gorbachev would sign a historic agreement to cease production and begin destruction of both nations sizable reserves. In 1987, during a visit to Berlin, the president made a dramatic plea to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. Two years later, Berliners would do so on their own accord. Franklin D. RooseveltThe day after Japans attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress, and proclaimed December 7 a date which will live in infamy. With only one dissent, Congress granted his request for an official declaration of war against Japan. Two months before his death, Roosevelt met Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin for the last time at Yalta in the U.S.S.R. The Big Three leaders discussed military considerations in the war against Germany and Japan, and compromised on their visions of the postwar world order. TitoIn 1963, Tito, the independent-minded communist leader of Yugoslavia since 1945, visited the United States during a tour of the Americas. Harry TrumanThree days after the bombing of Hiroshima, President Truman warned Japan of further atomic attacks until it surrendered. When no answer came, he authorized the dropping of a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Six days later, Japan surrendered. In 1949, Truman signed the North Atlantic Treaty with 10 European nations and Canada-establishing the NATO military alliance.ConfuciusConfucius, 551 B.C. 479 B.C.No other philosopher in the world has had more enduring influence than Confucius. For over two thousand years his concept of government, and his ideas about personal conduct and morality, permeated Chinese life and culture. Even today, his thoughts remain influential.注：仔细看其中的否定比较句型，词汇的变化There was little in his childhood background to predict the remarkable prestige that Confucius eventually achieved. He was born in a small principality in northeastern China, was reared in poverty, and had no formal education. Through diligent study, however, he educated himself and became a learned man. For a while he held a minor government post; but he soon resigned that position and spent most of his life as a teacher. Eventually, his most important teachings were gathered together into a book, The Analects, which was compiled by his disciples.注：and表示时间关系的句子，论语的说法。The two cornerstones of his system of personal conduct were Jen and Li. “Jen” might be defined as “benevolent concern for ones fellow men.” “Li” is a term less easily translated; it combines the notions of etiquette, good manners, and due concern for virtue rather than wealth (and in his personal life he seems to have acted on that principle). In addition, he was the first major philosopher to state the Golden Rule, which he phrased as “Do not do unto others that which you would not have them do unto you.”注：“己所不欲，勿施于人”的说法。Confucius believed that respect and obedience are owed by children to their parents, by wives to their husbands, and by subjects to their rulers. But he was never a defender of tyranny. On the contrary, the starting point of his political outlook is that the state exists for the benefit of the people, not the rulers. Another of his key political ideas is that a leader should govern primarily by moral example rather than by force.注：仔细观察这个段落的逻辑展开方式和连接词，可以模仿构造段落。Confucius did not claim to be an innovator but always said that he was merely urging a return to the moral standards of former times. In fact, however, the reforms which he urged represented a change fromand a great improvement overthe governmental practices of earlier days.注：仔细看破折号表示插入语的这句话。At the time of his death, Confucius was a respected, but not yet greatly influential, instructor and philosopher. Gradually, though, his ideas became widely accepted throughout China. Then, in the third century B.C., Shih Huang Ti united all of China under his rule, and decided to reform the country entirely and make a complete break with the past. Shih Huang Ti therefore decided to suppress Confucian teachings, and he ordered the burning of all copies of Confucius works. (He also ordered the destruction of most other philosophical works.)注：焚书坑儒的故事Most Confucian books were indeed destroyed, but some copies survived the holocaust, and a few years later, after the dynasty founded by the “First Emperor” had fallen, Confucianism re-emerged. Under the next dynasty, the Han, Confucianism became the official state philosophy, a position it maintained throughout most of the next two millennia.注：灾难的表达法，用“新名词”引出对前一句话程度的解释的表达法。Indeed, for much of that period, the civil service examinations in China were based primarily on knowledge of Confucian classics. Since those examinations were the main route by which commoners could enter the administration and achieve political power, the governing class of the largest nation on Earth was largely composed of men who had carefully studied the works of Confucius and absorbed his principles.注：当时的公务员考试（表达法）This enormous influence persisted until the nineteenth century, when the impact of the West created revolutionary changes in China. Then, in the twentieth century, the Communist Party seized power in China. It was their belief that, in order both to modernize China and to eliminate economic injustice, it was necessary to make radical changes in society. As the ideas of Confucius were highly conservative, the Communists made a major effort to eradicate his influence, the first such effort since Shih Huang Ti, 22 centuries earlier.荷马(Homer) Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are attributed to him. 参考事迹: 菏马史诗的写作，不是由一个人一朝一夕所完成，而是在漫长的岁月里，由最初口头流传的民间歌谣，经过累世行吟诗人的加工，才逐步形成的一种环绕中心事件的叙事诗。在长期的流传中，经过不断增删，修饰，到公元前九到前八世纪左右，才由盲人诗人菏马整理定型。 利用点：The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others. 亚里士多德 (Aristotle) Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. 参考事迹: 学术集大成者，通才和专家集一身的著名学者，柏拉图的学生，亚历山大大帝的教师，他的著述论及逻辑学，形而上学，伦理学，自然科学（物理学，动物学，植物学，生理学，医学），政治学和诗学，对西方思想产生了深远影响，在其哲学体系里，理论服从实地观察和逻辑，以三段论为基础，基本上是理性研究的理论方法，被称为百科全书式的学者. 利用点：可以利用到很多方面，通才与专家，博学与专攻，科学思维对人文思维并不冲突，不一而足。 *阿基米德（Archimedes） Greek mathematician, engineer, and physicist. Among the most important intellectual figures of antiquity, he discovered formulas for the area and volume of various geometric figures, applied geometry to hydrostatics and mechanics, devised numerous ingenious mechanisms, such as the Archimedean screw, and discovered the principle of buoyancy.参考事迹：从小受家庭影响，喜欢数学，十一岁到埃及亚历山大城入学，which是一个文化中心，科学家云集，文学，数学，天文学，医学都很发达，这段时间阿基米德向很多数学家学习，奠定了以后的基础。是第一个提出计算圆周率的人。还求出了一系列几何公式，他的巨大贡献还不在于提出这些公式，而是在于他找到了推算这些公式的科学方法：穷竭法 轶事：洗澡的时候发现了阿基米德定律，解决了国王交给他测定王冠纯度的任务；在叙拉古城遭到罗马舰队进攻时候，运用科学知识帮助守城，制造了类似起重机的工具，把一艘艘军舰吊到半空然后摔在山岩上。当最终城破的时候，阿基米德正在地上做几何题，看到罗马士兵的时候丝毫不惊慌,说：慢点动手，让偶把这道题做完，可惜罗马士兵没有耐性，一剑搞定了阿基米德。 利用点：洗澡发明阿基米德定律可以用用，从小受家庭熏陶可以用用，还有不少大家自己分析。 但丁 (Dante) 参考事迹：童年父母双亡，后拜当时的著名学者拉丁尼为师，之后勤奋自学，从而获得了渊博的知识，音乐绘画都很有造诣。青年时候参加反封建贵族的斗争，1300年斗争胜利后曾任行政官，1302年教会反动势力反扑，没收其财产，将其流放，在以后近二十年的流放生涯中，但丁写出了牛作神曲(Divine Comedy)，被认为是资产阶级人文思想的萌芽。也是马克思和恩科斯都巨推崇此人，经常在自己的文章中引用神曲中的诗句。 利用点：艰苦环境下的自强.贞德（Joan of Arc） French military leader and heroine. Inspired and directed by religious visions, she organized the French resistance that forced the English to end their siege of Orl閍ns (1429). The same year she led an army of 12,000 to Rheims and had the dauphin crowned Charles VII. Captured and sold to the English by the Burgundians (1430), she was later tried for heresy and sorcery and was burned at the stake in Rouen. She was canonized in 1920.参考事迹：英法大战中投入保卫祖国的队伍，民间描述：改成男装，身披盔甲，手执长矛，胯下一匹高头大马 ，威风凛凛，1429年5月8日，贞德统帅法军，终于打败了英国侵略者，被称为奥尔良姑娘，成为法国人民爱国斗争的旗帜。可惜以后的战斗中由于统治者的重重顾虑，没有给与贞德有利的支援，导致贞德在巴黎孤军深入，1430年战斗失利，贞德被迫退到巴黎不远的贡比涅城，被助纣为虐的勃什么第集团所出卖，以四万法郎卖给了英国侵略者。1431年5月30日，被英国以女巫，妖术惑众火邢处死。贞德的壮烈牺牲激怒了法国人民，二十二年后，他们终于把侵略者赶出了国土。 哥伦布 （Columbus） 参考事迹：也是大牛，可惜一辈子都不知道自己发现的是美洲，到死还以为到达了东方的印度。（悲哉！），从小爱看马可波罗游记，受其影响对东方很感兴趣，坚信地圆说，相信只要从大西洋一直往西，肯定能到东方。1492年4月受到了西班牙女王的赞助出航，往西航行，10月12日到达一片陆地，狂喜，登陆后以为就是印度，把当地居民叫作印第安人，其实这个印度是今天巴哈马群岛中的华特林岛，不过这个错误的印第安人的称呼延续到现在。 利用点：专家犯错误？兴趣对成功的影响？等等 *达芬奇（Vinci） 参考事迹：文艺复兴三杰，热爱大自然，画的飞鸟，昆虫，植物都栩栩如生，探讨了透视，光线等绘画理论，用解剖尸体的方法研究人体的比例和结构，他的作品，有一种和谐，逼真，精细的独特风格。著名的作品，有最后的晚餐，蒙拉丽莎，其中蒙拉丽莎巩固了以人为中心的艺术思想，是文艺复兴时期最好的肖像画之一。达芬奇不仅把绘画发展到一个新阶段，而且提出了系统的绘画理论，而且对数学，地质，物理，生物，生理等学科有精深的造诣。 利用点：很多，可以用来举证The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.，透视，光线等绘画理论，用解剖尸体的方法研究人体的比例和结构是All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science.很好的支持证据，还有很多可以参考，毕竟此人是大牛。 *哥白尼 (Copernicus) Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun