新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋4 Syntax.ppt

Chapter4Syntax Whatissyntax abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences TransformationalGenerativeGrammar TG Norm Chomsky themostinfluentiallinguistin20thcentury someimportantworks 1957 SyntacticStructure 1965 AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax 1981 LecturesonGovernmentandBinding 1986 Barriers 1993 AMinimalistProgramforLinguisticTheory 1995 TheMinimalistProgram 1998 TheMinimalistInquiry Criteriaongoodgrammar ObservationaladequacyDescriptiveadequacyExplanatoryadequacyTheultimategoalforanytheoryistoexplain TGdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitnotonlyaimsatlanguagedescription butalsoitsexplanation Chomskyismuchmoreinterestedinthesimilarities languageuniversals betweenlanguagesratherthantheirdifferences Linguistsshouldattempttofindagrammaticalframeworkwhichwillbesuitableforalllanguages Linguistsshouldconcentrateontheelementsandconstructionsthatareavailabletoalllanguagesratherthanonelementsthatactuallyoccurinalllanguages TherearelikelytobeuniversalconstraintsonthewayslinguisticelementsarecombinedChomskyproposedthatthegrammarsofallhumanlanguagesshareacommonframework UniversalGrammar Categories Category 范畴 referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence anounphraseoraverb Themostcentralcategoriestothesyntacticstudyaretheword levelcategories traditionally partsofspeech Word levelcategories Majorlexicalcategories p 43N V Adj Prep MinorLexicalcategories p 43Det 限定词 Deg Qual 修饰语 Auxi Conj Thecriteriaonwhichcategoriesaredetermined Meaning n entities v action adj propertiesEx beawareofknowaboutInflection n s v ed ing adj er estEx awordbelongingtomorethanonecategoryDistribution a ann bev ed bev ing Note Themostreliablecriterionofdeterminingaword scategoryisitsdistribution Phrasecategoriesandtheirstructures Phrasecategories thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories suchasNP VP AP PP NPVPAPPP phraselevelllllNVAP wordlevelThestructure specifier head complementhead 中心成分 thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedspecifier 标志成分 thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadscomplement 补足成分 thewordsontherightsideoftheheads Phrasestructurerules PS rule段语结构规则 Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule suchas NP Det N PP e g thosepeople thefishontheplate prettygirls VP Qual V NP e g alwaysplaygames finishassignments AP Deg A PP veryhandsome verypessimistic familiarwith veryclosetoPP Deg P NP ontheshelf intheboat quitenearthestation SpecifierXComplementHead XP TheXPrule TheXPrule XP specifier X complement Note ThephrasestructurerulescanbesummedupasXPruleshowninthediagram inwhichXstandsforN V AorP Coordinationrule Coordinatestructures thestructuresthatareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand or etc Coordinationhasfourimportantproperties nolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesbeforetheconjunction acategoryatanylevelcanbecoordinated thecategoriesmustbeofthesametype thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined Phraseelements specifier 标志成分 head 中心成分 complement 补足成分 specifiers Semantically specifiersmakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead Syntactically theytypicallymarkaphraseboundary SpecifierscanbedeterminersasinNP qualifiersasinVPanddegreewordsasinAP Complements Complementsthemselvescanbeaphrase theyprovideinformationabutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead e g astoryaboutasentimentalgirl Therecanbenocomplement onecomplement ormorethanonecomplementinaphrase e g p 48 4 4 4 6 Asentence likeconstructionmayalsofunctionasacomplementsuchasin Ibelievedthatshewasinnocent Idoubtifshewillcome Theyarekeenforyoutoshowup That if for intheabovesentencesarecomplementizers 补语化成分 theclausesintroducedbycomplementizersarecomplementclause Modifiers Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads ExpandedXPruleXP specifier modifier X complement modifier Sentences theSrule S NPVP S NP VP NP DetNVDetNAboyfoundtheevidence S NPinflVPManylinguistsbelievethatsentences likeotherphrases alsohavetheirownheads Inflisanabstractcategoryinflection dubbed Infl astheirheads whichindicatesthesentence stenseandagreement InflP S NP VP Infl Sentences theSrule Inflrealizedbyatenselabel InflP S NP VP NP DetNVDetNAboyfoundtheevidence InflPst Inflrealizedbyanauxiliary InflP S VP NP NP DetNVDetNAboywillfindtheevidence Infl Transformations Auxiliarymovement inversion DoinsertionDeepstructure surfacestructureWh movementMove andconstraintsontransformations Auxiliarymovement inversion Inversion MoveInfltotheleftofthesubjectNP Inversion revised MoveInfltoCs Cs CP S DetNVthetrainwillarrive NP VP Infl Auxiliarymovement inversion CP S Cs NP DetNVWillthetraine empty trace arrive Infl Infl VP Doinsertion Doinsertion InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition CP Cs S NPInflVP Birdsfly CP CP Cs Cs S S InflNPInflVP NPInflVP Birdsdofly Dobirdsefly NV NNonpstV NonpstNV Deepstructure formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead ssubcategorization p 48 properties itcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentence Surfacestructure correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations itisthatofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritten Deepstructure surfacestructure Theorganizationofthesyntacticcomponent TheXPrule Deepstructure transformations Surfacestructure Subcategorization p 48 restrictschoiceofcomplements Wh movement Considerthederivationofthefollowingsentences Whatlanguagescanyouspeak Whatwillyoutalkabout Thesesentencesmayoriginateas Youcanspeakwhatlanguages Youwilltalkaboutwhat Wh movement Wh movement Moveawhphrasetothebeginningofthesentence Whatlanguagecanyouspeak Whatwillyoutalkabout inversion inversion Wh movement Wh movement Wh movement Wh movemen