Module2DevelopingandDevelopedCountries教学设计.doc

Module2 Developing and Developed Countries 教学设计CULTURE CORNERTown TwinningProceduresStep 1: Before you readPlease go over the word list for this module, paying attention to the pronunciation of the word, the relationship between its pronunciation and its spelling.Step 2: While you readCut0 the sentences into thought groups, blacken the predicates, underline the useful expressions and darken the connectives.Step 3: After you readCopy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book. You may make sentences with these expressions.Useful expressions from Town Twinningmedium-size towns of between 100,000 and 200,000 inhabitants, be important to, be close to some of the most beautiful countryside, in the region, share something else, have a town twinning agreement, a new idea, have become more popular, in recent years, find out about, visit other countries and towns, an agreement between towns or cities of similar size and age, have similar features, such as tourism, industry, culture and entertainment, encourage people from the two towns to visit each other, visits and exchanges between schools, visitors from the foreign town, stay in the private homes of the town, a big party for the visitors, be most useful for students and people, practice speaking another language, living with a foreign family, as a result, improve fastPeriods 1&2Introduction and ReadingThe Human Development ReportGoals To learn to read passages with link words about the Human Development Report To learn to read with strategies ProceduresStep 1: Warming up by defining The Human Development ReportHDR is an annual report launched by UNDP(United Nations Development Program联合国开发计划署) in 1990 to stimulate and inform global development debate. The worlds 173 countries are ranked according to their level of human development. Usually every HDR focuses on some key issue such as democracy. Country by country assessment of trends towards achieving the UN MDGs (United Nations Millennium Development Goals联合国千年发展目标) is also given.Warming up by getting to know what human development isThe concept of human development focuses on the ends rather than the means of development and progress. The real objective of development should be to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. Though this may appear to be a simple truth, it is often forgotten in the immediate concern with the accumulation of commodities and wealth. Human development denotes both the process of widening peoples choices and the level of their achieved well-being. The most critical ones are to lead a long and healthy life, to be educated, and to enjoy a decent standard of living. Additional choices include political freedom, guaranteed human rights and self respect. The concept distinguishes between two sides of human development. One is the formation of human capabilities, such as improved health or knowledge. The other is the use that people make of their acquired capabilities, for work or leisure.Step 2: Before you readPlease go over the word list for this module, paying attention to the pronunciation of the word, the relationship between its pronunciation and its spelling.Step 3: While you read1. Type of writing and summaries of The Human Development ReportType of writingAn exposition writingSummaries of 1st partFrom an agreement agreed in 2000 came the Human Development Report.Summaries of 2nd partThe report describes eight Development Goals.Summaries of 3rd partThe 2003 Human Development Report gives example of successful development.Summaries of 4th partThe report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts.2. A diagram of The Human Development ReportThe Human Development ReportParagraph 1: In 2000, The Human Development ReportParagraph 2: The Human Development Report IndexParagraph 3: Examples of successful developments Paragraph 4: We need to make greater efforts.3. Complete the article with one word in each blankIn 2000, 147 world leaders agreed to cooperate to _1_ poverty by 2015 or earlier. From this agreement the Human Development Report is _2_. One of the most important parts of this report is the Human Development Index. _3_ Development Goals are listed in this report. The most important goals are to: Reduce _4_ and hunger; Make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11; Fight AIDS and other _5_; Improve the environment of poor people, e.g. make sure they have safe drinking water; _6_ developed countries to give more help to other countries. The 2003 Human Development Report _7_ example of successful development. For example, in nine years (1953-1962), _8_ increased life expectancy 13 years. Keys: 1 reduce 2 produced 3 Eight 4 poverty5 diseases 6 Encourage 7 gives 8 China4. Answer the reading comprehension questions according to the text1. In the year_, 147 world leaders agreed to work together to reduce poverty by _ or earlier.A. 2001, 2010 B. 2000, 2015 C. 2002, 2005 D. 1995, 20002. Which of the followings are not included in the most important goals listed in the report?A. Reduce poverty and hunger B. Make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11 C. Fight AIDS and other diseases D. Get rid of all kinds of pollution3. Over half of those going hungry daily are in _.A. North Asia and Africa B. South Asia or Africa C. South America and Africa D. West Europe and South Asia4. The Netherlands, Norway and Sweden among the _ richest countries in the worldA. five B. six C. seven D. eightKeys: 1-4 BDBAStep 4: After you read1. Copy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book. If possible, make your own sentences with these expressions. You may as well write an article with these expressions.Useful expressions from The Human Development Reportin the year 2000, agree to work together, reduce poverty, by 2015 or earlier, from this agreement, the Human Development Report/Index, examine the achievement of, at the top/bottom of list, at number 7, the other top five countries, in the thirteenth position, in the middle of the list, the bottom ten countries, all African countries, describe eight Development Goals, make sure that, fight AIDS , have education, up to the age of 11, improve the environment of, safe drinking water, encourage developed countries to give more help to other countries, give example of successful development, increase life expectancy, in the last ten years, move out poverty, drink safe water, Eastern Europe, make some progress, make greater efforts, give some financial help, among the five richest countries, medium-size towns, be important to, be close to some of the most beautiful countryside, share something else, have a town twinning agreement, find out about, visits and exchanges between schools, theatre groups and sports teams, be most useful for, practice speaking a/another language, as a result, improve fastSentences made with the expressions from Module 21. In the year 2000, many countries agreed to work together to reduce poverty by 2015 or earlier.2. From this agreement resulted the Human Development Report.3. The Human Development Index examines the achievement of 175 countries.4. He comes at the top of the list, while I was at number 7.5. The other top five countries were listed in the thirteenth position in the middle of the list.6. The bottom ten countries are all African countries with Sierra Leone at the bottom of list.7. He described eight Development Goals in details.8. You have to make sure that everyone of them has education up to the age of 11.9. Ways must be found to fight AIDS and other diseases.10. It is difficult to improve the environment of the poor people there.11. We must make sure that all the farmers have safe drinking water next year.12. We encourage developed countries to give more help to other countries.13. The 2003 Human Development Report gives examples of successful development.14. For example, in nine years, life expectancy for the poor people has to be increased greatly.15. In the last ten years 150 million people have been moved out poverty.16. More than 1 billion people in developing countries do not drink safe water.17. In other regions of the world, especially in Eastern Europe it is not safe to drink river water.18. You have to make some progress to better your English.19. He is making greater efforts to improve his living standards.20. Developed countries are asked to give some financial help to the developing countries.21. This small country is among the five richest countries in the world.22. It is a medium-size town of between 100,000 and 200,000 inhabitants.23. It is important to live close to some of the most beautiful countryside.24. In the region people have to share water and food or something else.25. They wanted to have a town twinning agreement.26. We are finding more out about wastes from city life.27. Visits and exchanges between schools, theatre groups and sports teams are important to the people there.28. A big party for the visitors will be most useful for practicing speaking another language.29. As a result his English is improving fast.2. Read to transfer informationIn the Human Development Report you will find: Paragraph 1 telling about In 2000, The Human Development Report; Paragraph 2 telling about The Human Development Report Index; Paragraph 3 telling about Examples of successful developments; and Paragraph 4 telling about We need to make greater efforts.Step 5: Closing down by retelling the textTo end this period we shall try to retell the text in our own words with the help of the diagram above.Period 3 GrammarLink wordsGoals To learn about link words and sentence cohesionProceduresStep 1: Learning about cohesionTo achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next, consider the following techniques: Repetition. In sentence B (the second of any two sentences), repeat a word from sentence A. Synonymy. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is call elegant variation. Antonymy. Using the opposite word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine. Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier. Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another. Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to highlight the connection between ideas. This system has many advantages: (a) it can link ideas that are otherwise completely unconnected, (b) it looks formal and distinctive, and (c) it promotes a second method of sentence cohesion, discussed in (7) below. Parallelism. Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most elegant method of creating cohesion.Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships. a. Identity. Indicates sameness. that is, that is to say, in other words, .b. Opposition. Indicates a contrast. but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although, whereas, in contrast, rather, .c. Addition. Indicates continuation. and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way, again, another, similarly, a similar, the same, . d. Cause and effect. therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result, hence, it follows that, because, since, for, . e. Indefinites. Indicates a logical connection of an unspecified type. in fact, indeed, now, .f. Concession. Indicates a willingness to consider the other side.admittedly, I admit, true, I grant, of course, naturally, some believe, some people believe, it has been claimed that, once it was believed, there are those who would say, .g. Exemplification. Indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or concrete idea. for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, that is, to illustrate, truly, .Step 2: Summing up transitional devices (Linking words)Here is a list of some common transitional devices that can be used to cue your reader in a given way.To Add:and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, whats more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.),To Compare:whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be trueTo Prove:because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that isTo Show Exception:yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimesTo Show Time:immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and thenTo Repeat:in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been notedTo Emphasize:definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservationTo Show Sequence:first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soonTo Give an Example:for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrateTo Summarize or Conclude:in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the wholeStep 3: Learning to use “however” correctlyThere are two acceptable ways of using “however”. 1. As a modifier of a sub-clause: It will probably fall off, however you tie the bow.In this case, “however” is the equivalent of in whatever way. 2. At the beginning or near the start of a new sentence that contradicts the previous one. Note it always begins a complete new sentence and in this sense it is the equivalent of But: They were famed for their achievements. It was, however, achieved through hard work.3. It is ungrammatical to use the construction of no. above without the full stop, as in these two examples: Slaves were a stable part of Roman society; however we should be cautious in our evaluation of the sources.“But” could have been used here (either at the start of a new sentence or continuing the sentence):Slaves could exercise a degree of freedom however they were expected to follow the religion of their masters.“Although” would have been acceptable here. If the word “however” is used in cases like these, there should be a full stop before it and a comma after it.Step 4: 连词用法一览表 种类功用例句并列连词 连接具有并列关系的词He knows neither English nor French.短语Are you going by bus or on foot?分句Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming. 从属连词引导： 状语从句 Ill do it as you told me.You will be late unless you hurry.连接代词和连接副词主语从句 What he said proved true.When well start has not been decided yet.表语从句 This is why he didnt come yesterday.That is where he lives.宾语从句The man asked me which I liked best.I cant understand why she is so late.关系代词和关系副词 定语从句 Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking.He came last night when I was out.Step 5: Practicing using linking words误 Both my parents are not at home. They went to the meeting just now.正 Neither of my parents is at home. They went to the meeting just now.析 在英语中both一般用于肯定句中，如用于否定句中，其意义也不同于汉语，如：Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为我们俩不都对。而Neither of us is right。 才能被理解为我们俩无一正确。误 He or his sisters has some tickets for the film.正 He or his sisters have some tickets for the film.析 由or 连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。误 You should work hard, and you wont pass the exam.正 You should work hard, or you wont pass the exam.析 or作为连词，这里的意思为否则。又如：Hurry up, or youll be late for school.误 Though he is not healthy, but he is ready to help others.正 Though he is not healthy, he is ready to help others.正 He is not healthy, but he is ready to help others.析 虽然但是是中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了虽然则不要用但是，用了但是则不能再用虽然，二者只可用其一。误 Either you or I are on business.正 Either you or I am on business.析 eitheror 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应，这也叫做就近原则。类似的用法还有or, neither nor, not onlybut also等。误 Mary is our English teacher and teaching English in our university now.正 Mary is our English teacher and is teaching English in our university now.析 并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。误 My father likes shopping and to collect stamps.正 My father likes shopping and collecting stamps.析 由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这是初学者要注意的一点。误 My father is listening to music, I am doing my homework.正 My father is listening to music while I am doing my homework.析 两个并列句中间不可用逗