bysj01-012@JX0168宣化某毛纺厂废水处理工程工艺设计
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bysj01-012@JX0168宣化某毛纺厂废水处理工程工艺设计,毕业设计
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S.N. Mahnika,b, K. Lenza, N. Weissenbachera, R.M. Maderb, M. Fuerhackera,*be the major elimination pathway, as up to 30% of the radio-labelled equivalents of the drugs amount was detected in the solid phase.tal euents partially transformed or even unchanged viaurine and faeces of patients under medical treatment.Therefore, they are assumed to be environmentally relevantcompounds. As hospital euents reach the municipalsewer network generally without any preliminary treat-ment, hospitals may represent an incontestable release*Corresponding author. Address: Institute of Sanitary Engineering andWater Pollution Control, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Envi-ronment, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 1 36006 5821;fax: +43 1 368 9949.E-mail address: maria.fuerhackerboku.ac.at (M. Fuerhacker).Chemosphere 66 (2007)Our results indicate that the investigated anticancer drugs are eliminated by sewage treatment plants, either by biodegradation oradsorption.C211 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Anthracyclines; 5-Fluorouracil; Hospital euents; Monitoring; Elimination; Activated sludge1. IntroductionDuring the last years, the growing use of antineoplasticdrugs in cancer therapy is an emerging issue in environ-mental research and it can be expected, that consumptionwill increase due to a developing health care system anda higher life expectancy.Cytostatics belong to the CMR (carcinogenic, muta-genic and reprotoxic) drugs. They usually enter the hospi-aInstitute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment,University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, AustriabDepartment of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, AustriaReceived 4 November 2005; received in revised form 22 May 2006; accepted 24 May 2006Available online 12 July 2006AbstractAntineoplastic agents are applied in cancer therapy and end up in hospital wastewater by human excretions. In this study, the rawwastewater of the sewer of the oncologic in-patient treatment ward of the Vienna University Hospital was monitored for 98 d over 2years for the cytostatics 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin (DOX), epirubicin, and daunorubicin. In a next step, the elimination ofthe drugs by a membrane-bio-reactor system was investigated. In addition, their fate in wastewater and elimination by activated sludgewas investigated with radio-labelled substances. During the monitoring periods, concentration levels ranging from 90% over time of 24 h, i.e. theconcentration in the liquid phase remained stable overtime of 24 h. DOX was adsorbed to suspended solids inwastewater and to the tube walls since from the beginningof the experiment the concentration in the liquid phaseamounted only to 41% compared to the start concentration(see Fig. 4).Together with the experimental data of the monitoring itcan be assumed, that 5-FU is expected to be biodegradedor at least metabolized by microorganisms as it did notadsorb to suspended solids in wastewater. For the anthra-cyclines adsorption to suspended solids seems to be themajor elimination pathway.4.3. Batch experiments with radio-labelled compoundselimination by activated sludgeTo assess the elimination of 5-FU and DOX by acti-vated sludge, kinetic investigations with 5 and 500 lglC012-14C 5-FU and 2 500 lglC0114-14C DOX were carriedout. The results of these tests are demonstrated in Fig. 5.Fig. 3. Analysed and calculated concentrations of 5-FUere 66 (2007) 3037The investigations showed that 5-FU was eliminated fromthe liquid phase below LOD within 24 h. The tests indi-cated that the minor part of the drug was found in thesludge over time of 24 h, since recoveries amounted onlyto 25%. Up to 25% of the whole amount of 5-FU wastrapped by the soda lime, which suggests a biodegradation,partly a final degradation or metabolization by micro-organisms of a major part of the substance. Although wecounted the soda lime in several portions, we hypothesised,that parts of the signals were suppressed. Also Kimeyeret al. (1998) observed a biodegradation up to 92% for 5-FU in the OECD Confirmatory Test. The degradation ratewas directly proportional to the initial concentration. Incontrast, degradation was not observed in the Closed-Bottle-Test (OECD 301 D) and in the Zahn-Wellens-Test (OECD 302 B) (Kummerer and Al-Ahmad, 1997;Kummerer, 2000), investigating degradation by determina-tion of O2or dissolved organic carbon (DOC).The tests with radio-labelled DOX resulted in a totalelimination of 90% from the liquid phase. Over time therecovery for DOX ranged between 2040% in the sludge,but only between 612% in the liquid phase. Analysis ofthe soda lime indicated, that elimination of DOX is mainly(excretion rate 2%) and DOX (excretion rate 0.5%).ntsTable1Concentrationofactivatedsludgeintheaerationtank,administeredamountsof5-FUandDOXattheoncologicin-patient-treatmentward,calculatedandanalysedconcentrationsinthesewerConcentrationofactivatedsludge(glC01)5-FUDOXAdministeredamount(mg)Concentrationsintheseweroftheoncologicin-patient-treatmentward(lglC015-fluorouracil)Administeredamount(mg)Concentrationsintheseweroftheoncologicin-patienttreatmentward(lglC01doxorubicin)CalculatedAnalysedCalculatedAnalysedMin.Max.(2% excretionrate)Min.Max.MeanSamplesMin.Max.(0.5% excretionrate)Min.Max.MeanSamplesMonitoring1180060833612211.512255.62816.82650.081.390% from the liquid phase, treatment inthe membrane-bio-reactor system resulted in concentra-tions below LOD in the liquid phase. In case of the anthra-cyclines adsorption to sewage sludge seems to be the majorelimination pathway from the wastewater as the tests with14-14C DOX show.As 5-FU is expected to be biodegraded in sewage treat-ment plants, the environmental impact is of minor impor-tance provided that a failure (e.g. leaking) or directemission of wastewater to a small receiving water can beinhibited. For the anthracyclines, as they are assumed toere 66 (2007) 3037 35be eliminated by adsorption, it has to be considered thatadsorption to sewage sludge represents only a displacementnts36 S.N. Mahnik et al. / Chemosphof the drugs from the liquid to the solid phase. On the basisof the current knowledge, much is yet to be understoodregarding fate and the transport of cytostatics and theirultimate environmental eects.Fig. 4. Fate of 2-C14 5-FU andFig. 5. Elimination of 2-C14 5-FU andere 66 (2007) 3037AcknowledgementsThis work has been supported by the Federal Ministryof Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Manage-14-C14 DOX in wastewater.14-C14 DOX by activated sludge.ntsment (project number GZ a 301482), AustrianKommunalkredit AG and the FFF.ReferencesDEV German Standard procedures for the analysis of water, wastewaterand sewage sludge (Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwas-ser- und Schlammuntersuchung, Physikalische, chemische, biologischeund bakteriologische Verfahren), 2003. WileyVCH Verlag GmbH &Co, Weinheim.Diasio, R.B., Harris, B.E., 1989. Clinical pharmacology of 5-fluorouracil.Clin. Pharmacokinet. 16, 215237.Dorr, R.T., VonHo, D.D., 1994. Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook,second ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Connecticut.IARC, 1987. Monographs on the Evaluation of Cancerogenic Risks toHumans.InternationalAgencyforResearchofCancer,Lyon(Suppl.7).Kimeyer, T., Gotze, H.-J., Jursch, M., Luders, U., 1998. Trace enrich-ment, chromatographic separation and biodegradation of cytostaticcompounds in surface water. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 361, 185191.Kummerer, K., 1999. Epirubicin hydrochloride in the aquatic environ-mentbiodegradation and bacterial toxicity (Epirubicinhydrochloridin der aquatischen UmweltBiologische Abbaubarkeit und Wirkungauf aquatische Bakterien). In: Proceedings 7, NordwestdeutscherZytostatikaworkshop, Hamburg-Harburg 2931.1. 1999, pp. 1011.Kummerer, K., 2000. Laboratory scale degradation of pharmaceuticalsand emission control (Abbau von Arzneimitteln in Testsystemen undMoglichkeiten zur Emissionsreduktion). In: Weigert, B., Steinberg,terial toxicity (Verhalten des Zytostatikums EpirubicinHydrochloridin der aquatischen Umwelt). Umweltmedizin Forschung Praxis 1, 133137.Kummerer, K., Steger-Hartmann, T., Meyer, M., 1997. Biodegradabilityof the anti-tumour agent ifosfamide and its occurrence in hospitaleuents and communal sewage. Water Res. 31, 27052710.Lenz, K., Hann, S., Koellensperger, G., Stefanka, Z., Stingeder, G.,Weissenbacher, N., Mahnik, S., Fuerhacker, M., 2005. Presence ofcancerostatic platinum compounds in hospital wastewater and possibleelimination by adsorption to activated sludge. Sci. Total Environ. 345,141152.Mahnik, S., Mader, R.M., Fuerhacker, M., 2003. Cytostatic agents in thewastewater of the Vienna University Hospital. In: 4th IWA SpecializedConference on Assessment and Control of Hazardous Substances inWater: Ecohazard 2003 Conference 1417.9. 2003, Aachen UniversityGermany.Mahnik, S., Rizovski, B., Fuerhacker, M., Mader, R., 2004. Determina-tion of 5-fluorouracil in hospital euents. J. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 380,3135.Mahnik, S., Rizovski, B., Fuerhacker, M., Mader, R., in press. Determi-nation of anthracyclines in hospital euents. Chemosphere.ONORM S2104, 2005. Waste from Medical Institutions (Abfalle aus demmedizinischen Bereich). Osterreichisches Normungsintitut.Sattelberger, R., 1999. Drug residues in the environment (Arzneimittel-ruckstande in der Umwelt, Bestandsaufnahme und Problemdarstel-lung). Report 162, Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Wien.Schafer, A., 2001. Elimination of trace contaminants in the water andS.N. Mahnik et al. / Chemosphere 66 (2007) 3037 37Chr., Bruggemann,
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