动词时态的基本用法[1].doc

启东市江海中学高三英语教学案 课题: Grammar (动词时态的基本用法) 主备人：黄楚平 日期：_年_月_日一，三维目标知识与能力: 掌握10 种动词时态的基本用法， 能够在具体语境中恰当使用动词的时态进行交际掌握固定句型中时态的运用，能够区别易混淆的时态用法掌握主动形式表被动的集中情况二， 教学重点与难点：如何区别几种易混淆的时态的用法三， 教学过程：一，一般体（构成一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时）1， 一般现在时的用法 表示现在经常性，习惯性动作或客观事实及状态。 如：We go fishing once a month.我们一个月钓一次鱼。 （现在的习惯）He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。（ 现在的状态） 表示客观真理或科学事实。 如： The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起西方落下。在条件状语从句（if，unless，even if等引导）， 时间状语从句（when, before, until, as soon as, once 等引导），和让步状语从句（no matter what/who/where 或 whichever, whenever, however等引导）中表示“将来” 概念， 这时主句也往往表将来(出现will/shall/ can/ must)或主句是祈使句。如：Ill go with you the moment I finish my work.我一完成工作就和你一起去.-Can I have a computer, Dad?-You can if you get good marks in the following examinations. -爸爸， 我可以有台电脑吗？-如果你今后考试成绩好就可以。2, 一般过去时的用法表示过去经常性，习惯性动作或客观事实及状态，或表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。往往暗示现在已“不再这样”。如：We often played together when we were children.我们小时候经常在一起玩。-Come in, Peter. I want to show you something.- Oh, how nice of you! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.-进来，彼得。我想给你看样东西。-噢，你真是太好了！我从没想到你会给我带礼物。2， 一般将来时的用法“will +动词原形” 表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；事物的固有属性或必然趋势。如：I think she will pass the exam.我想她考试会及格的Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。 “ be going to + 动词原形” 多用于口语中， 表示“计划，打算要做某事”，此外， be going to 还可以表示根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推断。如：He is going to visit his aunt the moment he arrives.他打算一到就去看他的姑姑。Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.看这乌云，要下雨了。“be about to + 动词原形”表示“立即的将来（immediate future）”，常与when从句连用， 但不与具体时间状语连用（如：immediately, tomorrow等）。如：The train leaves at 7:25 this evening.（按时刻表）火车今晚七点二十五开动。The students are leaving on Sunday.学生们准备星期日出发。 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划或安排要做的事。如：She is to get married next month. 她计划下个月结婚。这种结构也可用于过去. was/were to do sth. 表示曾经计划要做某事， 但不表明计划是否被执行，或表示命运（即命中注定要发生的事）；was/were to have done sth. 表示未曾实现的计划。 如：I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time. 我当时感到很激动， 因为我很快就要首次离开家了。We were to tell you, but you were not in.我们本来想要告诉你的，但你不在。表示”指令”,相当于should, ought to, must, have to. 如：This medicine is to be taken three times a day.这种药一天要服三次。The books in this room are not to be taken outside.( = The books in this room mustnt be taken outside.)这个房间里的书籍不得带出。表示 “想，打算” 相当于intend to, want to，如:If you were to listen to the concert, youd better hurry up. 如果你想听音乐会的话， 你最好快点。用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方的意见。如:Am I to go on with the work?要我继续这项工作吗？What are we to do next?我们下一步该怎么办？表示用途，如:The knife is to cut with.刀是用来切割的。表命中注定。如:They are never to meet again.他们注定再也不见面了。二, 进行体（构成现在进行时，过去进行时）1 一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行时，短动作用一般体。如：As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.奶奶读着报就睡着了。The reporter said that the UFO was travelling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说，当他看到不明飞行物时， 不明飞行物正在自东向西飞行。3， 表示动作的未完性，暂时性。 如：-Have you moved into the new house?-Not yet. The rooms are being painted.-你搬进新房了吗？-还没呢， 房子正在刷漆呢。Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.选一部供个人使用的手机不是意见容易的事， 因为技术变化的如此的快。4, 表示按计划安排要做的事。 如：Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mother.我获得了一次去弗罗里达两天度假的机会。 我计划带着我的妈妈去。4， 表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。如：Is this raincoat yours?No, mine is hanging there behind the door.-这是你的雨衣吗？-不是， 我的在门后挂着呢。Hey, look where you are going?Oh, Im terribly sorry. I wasnt noticing.-嘿，看你走到哪儿去了1-噢，很对不起， 我没注意。5, 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作， 往往含有赞赏，厌恶，遗憾等情绪， 常与always, continually, constantly 连用。 如：He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到别人。Shes constantly quarrelling with others.她不停地跟别人吵架。6，瞬间动词的进行体可以表示将来。 （见一般将来时的用法部分）三完成体（构成现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时）1，现在完成时的用法表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在（也许还奖持续下去）。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：lately, recently, in the past/last few days/years( 在过去的这几天、年里)， for + 一段时间， since, then, up to now, so far 等。如：In the past two years, the students in the mountainous areas have made great progress in English.在过去的两年里，山区的这些学生在英语方面取得了很大的进步。He has visited 14 countries so far.到现在为止，他已经到过十四个国家。一个发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响或结果， 注意这时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。常用的状语有already, just ( 刚才)，yet never, before.等。如：He has turned off the light.他已经把灯关了。I have already seen the film.我已经看过这部电影了。This /It is the first/ second- time + that 从句或This /It is the +最高级+名词+ that 从句。 That 从句谓语要用现在完成时。如：This is the first time I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影了。在条件时间让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。如：I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我亲眼看到， 我才相信你的话。（强调“看完”）I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我干完了工作就和你一起去。（强调“干完”）瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词， 还叫终止性动词。 瞬间动词可以有现在完成时态，但不可以接一段时间， 若要接一段时间，需要做一些相应的变换。 瞬间动词在完成时态中的否定式可以接一段时间。如：(F）He has joined the army for 3 years.(T) He has served in the army for 3 years.(T) He joined the army 3 years ago.(T) He has been a soldier for 3 years.(T) It is 3 years since he joined the army.(T) He has joined the army.常见的瞬间动词有：come, go, get to/reach/arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open , close, get up, join/ take part in, begin/start, return/ give, borrow/lend, become/ turn, bring/ take, die, finish/end, receive/ hear from, marry, break, lose, jump.等2,过去完成时的用法一件事情发生于过去， 而另一件事情先于它（即表“过去的过去”）, 那么在先的事情的动词须用过去完成时。这个过去的过去的时间可用before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示， 也可通过上下文来表示。如;He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3年。 She had learned some English before he came into the institute.他在来会所前已学过一些英语。表示从过去某一时间开始， 一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作， 常见的而时间状语有：by, then, by that time, until, by the end of, before 2000, by the time +从句等。 如：By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时他已学了三年英语。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止， 他仍对此一无所知。表示“刚刚-就-”的句型中： hardly/Scarcely/Barely had +主语+ done -when -did -, No sooner had +主语+ done-than-did-如：Hardly ( No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我刚到家就下起了倾盆大雨。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚开动， 汽车的额轮胎就爆了。It was/had been +一段时间+since 从句。Since 从句中谓语动词用过去完成时。如：It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们十年没这么高兴了。That/It was the first/ second/- time +that 从句，that 从句谓语动词要用过去完成时。 如：It was the third time ( that ) he had made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。表示愿望，打算一类的词， 如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose 等， 其过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望或意图。如：I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.我本想去帮你的， 但当时确实太忙了。3，将来完成时的用法表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成。 常用的时间状语为：by+将来的某个时间。如：The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.这次会议将持续整一周才结束。四，完成进行体（构成现在完成进行时）现在完成进行时的用法：表示一个动作开始于过去， 并持续到现在， 强调现在还在进行。完成进行体是完成体和进行体的组合， 因此， 它具备进行体的饿“未完性， 暂时性， 感情色彩”等的特点。如：She is very tired. She has been typing letters all day.她很累了，她整天都在打信件。It has been raining since last Sunday.自上周日以来就一直在下雨。（强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩）五，主动形式表被动意义的几种情况：1系动词（如look, smell, feel, taste, prove等）+形容词或名词。 如：That dog look dangerous.那条狗看起来很危险。Your idea sounds a good one.你的想法听起来很好。2，表示开始，结束，运动的动词，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。如：Work began at 7 oclock this morning.工作是今天早上七点开始的。The play ended at 10 oclock.戏十点钟结束。3，表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook lock, dry, eat, drink. 这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。如：The shirt will wear very long.这件衬衫可以穿很久。The kind of paper tears easily.这种纸很容易撕破。The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来很流畅。5介词in, on,. under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义。其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式。 常见的有：under control/treatment/repair/construction(受控制/在治疗中/在修理中/在施工中)；beyond ones reach/control/hope（鞭长莫及、无法控制、始料不及）；for sale/rent(出售/出租);in print/sight(在印刷中、在视野范围内)；out of sight/ones reach/fashion(超出视线之外/够不着/不流行). 如：The rumor is out of control. (=The rumor cant be believed.)谣言不可信。His honest character is above all praise.他诚实的个性非常值得赞赏。5, 有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式老表示被动含义。如：Where is the new film showing?这部新电影在哪里放映？My shirt caught on a nail.我的裙子被钉子勾住了。 Exercise：1, -Remember how we met the first time, Dick? -Of course I do. You _ to the teachers office hurriedly and _ me.A. were walking; didnt noticeB. had walked; werent noticing meC. had been walking; noticedD. walked; had noticed2. -Please tell the court what really happened. -Oh, I _, and I hit a parked car.A. wouldnt pay attention B. didnt pay attention C. havent paid attention D. wasnt paying attention3. -Ill come to see your performance at 9:00 tomorrow evening. -Im sorry, by then my performance _ and I _ reporters in the evening room.A. will end; will meet B. will have ended; will meetC, will have ended; am going to meet D. is to end; will meet4, More than one student, along with some parents, _ quizzed for information on the reference book so farA. was B. were C. have been D. has been5. It was not until the subprime loan crisis (次贷危机) _ great damage to the American financial system that Americas _ the severity of the situation.A. caused, realized B. had caused; realizedC. caused; had realized D. was causing; had realized6. Mr. Lee, who _ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statement in this country.A. ha worked B. had worked C. worked D. works7. -Isnt it amazing that I met French at the Christmas party? -Really? For how many years _ each other?A. didnt you see B. havent you seenC. hadnt you seen D. dont you see8. Hollywood star Sharon Stones words on Sichuan earthquake _ her image. Nobody in China _ her any more now.A. destroyed; would like B. has destroyed; likesC. destroyed; will like D. had destroyed; liked9. -Tom says he is too tired to go on. - He cant be. He _ for an hour.A. just worked B. has only been working C. has just worked D. had only been working10. Mr. White works with an import and export company, but he _ for this industrial fair, since he is on leave.A. has worked B. works C. has been working D. is working11. Profits in this company went up by 25% last year, and _ so far this year though the financial situation is bad.A. havent decreased B. didnt decrease C. havent been decreased D. werent decreased12. -Why didnt you buy any bread while doing shopping yesterday evening? -Sorry, _A. I forget B. I forgot B. I had forgotten D. I have forgotten13. -Listen, Lily is playing the piano! -Wow, how sweet the music_!A. is heard B. hears C. is sounding D. sounds.14. -What about taking Highway 66? It would be much nearer to our destination. -Yes, but it _A. is repairing B. is being repaired C , has been repaired D. is repaired15. -Why do you look so worried? -My computer broke down and my essay _ finished since.A. was left B. has left C. left D. has been left16. -Another cup of coffee? That is your third since lunch. -Yeah, well, I _ all night preparing for my history exam. I can hardly keep my eyes open.A. stayed up B. have stayed upC. have been staying up D. will stay up 17-Where have you been recently? -I _ in Hangzhou on business for a week last month.A. have been B. was C. had been D. had gone18. -Sorry to interrupt you. Please go on. -You _ you didnt like going to collage in Hong Kong.A. had been saying B. had saidC. said D. were saying 19. -Look! Youve made the same mistake again! -Oh n, not again! _ such a mistake.A. I always make C. Im always making C. Ive always made D. I always made20. -Lets hurry. Professor Beach is coming. - Oh, I was afraid that we _.A. already miss him B. will miss himC. have already missed him D. had already missed him21. A lot of cars and buses _ from passing through the highways because of the heavy snow.A. have blocked B. were blocking C. blocked D. were blocked22. My headache is killing me. I _ it _ away. But now its getting worse and worse.A. think, is going B. thought; was going C. have though, is going D. had thought, was going 23. So far, scientists _ about 1.8 million living species(物种)，and that _ just a small number of what probably exists on Earth.A. had named,