名词解释90076.doc

名词解释Definethefollowingterms:Chapter1 1.designfeature: arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc. 2.function:theuseoflanguagetoommunicate,tothink,etc.anguagefunctionsinclucle imformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction. 3.etic:atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPikesdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper. 4.emic:atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPikesdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeech communithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigatorsingenuithorintuitionalone.5.synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.6.diachronic: studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory. 7.prescriptive: thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.8.prescriptive: akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.9.descriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.10.arbitrariness: onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.11.duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.12.displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.13.phaticcommunion:onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.14.metalanguage:certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.15.macrolinguistics:heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,petence: languageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.17.performance: theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.18.langue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.19.parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).Chapter2 20.Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.21.Coarticulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.22.Voicing:pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.23.Broadandnarrowtranscription: theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptionis calledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription. 24.Consonant:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.25.Phoneme: theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.26.Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.27.Vowl: aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.28.Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactual relationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.29.Placeofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair. 30.Distinctivefeatures:atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother. 31.Complementarydistribution: therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.32.IPA: theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergoneanumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.33.Suprasegmental:suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.34.Suprasegmental:aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.35.morpheme: thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,poundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.38.affix:thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).39.derivation:differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.40.root:thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.41.allomorph: anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishtheplural morthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.42.Stem: anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.43.boundmorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemeindogs.44.freemorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.45.lexeme: Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.doginthemanger)46.lexicon:alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.47.grammaticalword:wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns. 48.lexicalword:wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasno