用法讲解非谓语动词.docVIP

南通高二总复习系列资料(语法)非谓语动词非谓语动词的句法功能： 句子成分非谓语 主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式动名词（极少）现在分词过去分词（一）动词不定式：否定式：not + (to) do主 动被 动一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you. The patient asked to be operated on at once.2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room.3） 完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film.不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A） should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。（二）动名词：否定式：not + 动名词 语 态 式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.（三）现在分词：否定式：not + 现在分词现在及 物 动 词 write不及物动词go分词主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having written having been writtenhaving gone1） 现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. (四）过去分词：done, 不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求作表语：The were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意be + 过去分词，如表示状态是系表结构，如表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water 开水 fallen leaves 落叶 the risen sun 升起的太阳newly arrived goods 新到的货the changed world 变了的世界这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。区别：to do 表示即将进行的动作或者主动状态-被动to be done doing 表示正在进行的动作或者主动状态-被动 being done done 表示已经完成的动作或者被动状态非谓语动词用法重点归纳：1、 宾语补足语1. 感官动词+ 宾语+ do 表示全过程，主动语态 + doing 表示正在进行，主动语态-被动being done + done 表示完成或被动语态I hear her sing an English song just now. I hear her singing an English song when I passed by her room yerterday. I hear the English song sung many times. 2. leave sbsth doing - leave sth undone keep sbsth doing 使.一直做某事 catch sb doing 撞见、抓到某人正在做某事 smell ab doing 察觉某人在做某事 find + sbsth + doingdoneDont leave the water running while you are brushing your teeth.The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they dont taste delicious.Its wrong of you to leave the machine running. 3. haveget sth done 使某事由别人做，遭受.的不幸 have sth to do 有事要去做- have sth to be done询问对方有没有事情要自己做 have sbsth doing 使某人一直做 have make let sb do sth = get sb to do 使某人做 Ill have my bike repaired tomorrow.Tom had his leg broken while playing football.The peasants have the tractors working day and night at the harvest time.Mother had me go to buy some salt and got my sister to cook in the kitchen.We have a lot of homework to do.4. make oneself understood heardknown, 用过去分词作宾补, 使自己被. He spoke slowly and clearly to make himself understood by the freshmen.5. V+ sb + to doEg: advise, allow, recommend, beg, encourage, command, expect, forbid, force, get, cause, intend, invite, order, persuade, require, remind, ask for, teach, tell, want, like, warn, wish, wait for, call on, rely on, count on, appeal to,等等 6. V+ sb+do 在被动语态中，变成sb be done to do 吾看三室二厅一感觉 5看: look at, see, watch, notice, observe 3使: have, make, let 2听: listen to, hear 1感觉: feel7. S + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb + to be 认为某人是. +to have done 认为某人已经做了某事-被动sb be considered to have done8. with + sbsth + (adj, adv, n, 介词短语，to do, doing, done) He used to sleep, with the door open. (adj) He went out with no hat on. (adv) I found the house with the boy leading us. The man came in with a book in his hand.9. It is saidreportedthoughtknown that .可变成: sbsth be saidreportedthoughtknown to do to have done to be doing 2、 定语1. 不定式作定语的特殊用法当名词前有序数词如the first, the second或the last, the only, the next修饰时+ to doHe is the only person to know the whole truth. Children are the first to get into the lifeboats.名词chance, wish, right, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way+ to doTheres nothing to worry about. Give me a knife to cut with.Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要我去寄的东西吗？主语+be + adj+to do主动形式表被动意义The morning air is fresh to breathe. The room is comfortable to live in. 2. 分词作定语: 单个分词做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前; 分词短语做定语放在名词后。The house being built are for the teachers. falling fallen leavesthe remaining money= the money left I want to write about people addicted to drugs.In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。doing现在分词作定语（表示主动或正在进行）-being done 表被动，正在进行done过去分词作定语（表示被动或已经完成）to be done 表被动，将来动作 但having (been) done只做状语，不做定语。3. 动名词做定语表示名词的功能，用途: a swimming pool a reading room 3、 宾语1. 只能接不定式的动词：决心学会想希望，decidedetermine, learn, wantwould likewould love, wishhopedesireexpect拒绝设法愿假装，refuse, manage, pretend主动答应选计划，offer, promise, choose, planintendattempt同意请求帮一帮。agree, askbeg, help (fail, happen, afford, hesitate, aim, seem, appear, arrange, )2. 只能接动名词的动词：考虑建议盼原谅，consider, suggest adviserecommend, look forward to, pardonexcuse承认推迟没得想，admit, delay put off, fancy(想要）imagine 避免错过继续练，avoid, miss, keep keep on, practise否认完成停欣赏，deny, finish, enjoy appreciate不禁介意准逃亡。cant help, mind, allow, escape (dislike, permit, insist on, be busy, be worth, forbid, risk, feel like, stand, complete)allow, advise, recommend, consider, encourage, forbid, permit, urge(催促）+doing= + sb to do sth 3. 含to 是介词和接动名词的短语：be used to, look forward to, lead to, make contributions to, be addicted to, devote. to, stick to, object to(反对, get down to, pay attention to, refer to, belong to, cant standbear, give up, feel like, insist on, have some trouble difficulty troubles in, have a hardgood time doing(做很艰难、很愉快）, howwhat about doing, spendwaste.in doing, preventstopkeep sbsth from doing 4. 动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, 1. It began to rain. 主语为物时，用不定式 2. It was beginning to snow. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。 3. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to. 4. I don t prefer to swim in the river now. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。1. remember to do sth.记住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事2. forget to do sth.忘记要做的事 forget doing sth.忘记做过的事3. regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔4. try to do sth.设法，试图 try doing sth.试试看，试一试5. mean to do sth.打算做，想要 mean doing sth.意味着，就是6. cant help (to) do不能做 cant help doing 情不自禁needwant require doing 需要被做= to be done be worth doing +n 值得被. be worthy to be done of being doneof +n5. 常用结构或句型： do nothing but except do 只好做. cant choose but do 不得不做. have nothing to do but do cant help but do have no choice but to do cant but do want nothing but to do 只想做. enjoying nothing but doing 只喜欢做. Why (not)do .? Why dont you do.? had better do, might as well do 不妨.prefer to do. rather than do. 宁愿.不愿 would rather do. than do. prefer doing. to doing.do what one can to do sth He did what all he could to help me. as. as one can He did as much as he could to help me. 尽力做. He spent as much as he could helping me. Theres no point sense in doing sth There is no need to do. Its (no use, no good, useless, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time) +doing. There is no doing.不可能 Theres no joking about such things.这种事情不可能开玩笑。4、 状语不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果，“竟然”We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .only doing 表示必然结果, “结果只是”His father died, only leaving him three broken houses.目的状语in order(not)to, so as(not)to, 其中so as(not)to不能位于句首。也可以用so. as to 如：He was so angry as to be unable to speak.作结果状语never to do, enough.too, too.to, so as to do, such + 名词 as to do如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.分词作状语：(前后逻辑主语要一致）Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦被看见，人们就忘不了。（时间）Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多时间，我能做得更好.（条件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.（让步）Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。Hearing the news, they got excited.独立结构做插入语to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, to be frank坦白说，to be exact确切的说，to beginstart with首先开头，generallystrictlyfrankly speaking, 一般来说，严格说来，坦白地说，judging fromby, according to, concerning关于，considering考虑到, taking. into consideration, including., talking of说起, given (that)考虑到, supposesupposing(that)假设，regarding关于，就.而言动词不定式省略时，何时保留to 1. 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.-You came late last