功能语言学课件verview of Systemic Functional Linguistics.ppt

CHAPTERTWOSystemicFunctionalLinguistics AnOverview 张德禄 1 1 1AHistoricalViewofsystemicfunctionallinguistics 1 1 1FunctionalismandFormalismAtthebeginningofthelastcentury afterSaussure therearethreeschoolsofstructuralism InAmerica wehaveAmericanstructuralism whichisformalisminnatureInEurope therearetwofunctionalschools ThePragueSchoolTheCopenhagenSchool 1 1AHistoricalViewofsystemicfunctionallinguistics CommonFeaturesoffunctionalism Functionalismisnaturalism stressingthenaturalandrationalnatureoflanguage FunctionalismstudieslanguagefromanencodingorSpeaker spointofview Functionalismstressestheconstrainingeffectofthecontextofsituationandsocialcommunications Functionalismanalyzesthestructureoflanguageaccordingtofunctionsincontrasttoform FunctionalismfocusesontheuseandvariationsoflanguageincontrasttocompetenceinChomsky 1 1AHistoricalViewofsystemicfunctionallinguistics Differentfunctionalschoolsstressdifferentaspectsoflanguage 1 Differenttheoreticalbackgrounds 2 Differenttheoreticalframeworks 3 Differentviewpoints 4 Differentscopesofstudy 1 1AHistoricalViewofsystemicfunctionallinguistics TheBackgroundofsystemicfunctionallinguisticsThepioneerofSFLisM A K Halliday buthistheorywasnotentirelycreatedbyhimself butwasdevelopedastheresultofinheritanceandborrowingofpredecessors achievements PredecessorsWangLiandLuoChangpei thefunctionalbasisoflanguageFirthandMalinowski contextandsemanticsoftheLondonSchool Hjelmslev Glossematics systemandstructureLambandPike stratificationalgrammarandtagmemics functionandstrata 1 1AHistoricalViewofsystemicfunctionallinguistics ResearchersofSystemicFunctionalLinguisticsApartfromHalliday thereisalargenumberoffollowersandcooperators ResearchersM Gregory Contextandcontextualtheory deepsyntaxHuddleston GrammaticalizationanddeepsyntaxHudson DependencygrammaranddeepgrammarR Hasan CohesionanddiscourseanalysisR Fawcett Functionalsyntax cognitivefunctionalgrammarJ Martin GenreanddiscoursesemanticsC Matthiessen functionalgrammar computationallinguisticsM Cummings functionalstylistics cohesionandcoherenceF Christie languageteachingandlanguageeducation 1 1AnOverviewofthesystemicFunctionalApproach 1 Languageisviewedasameaning makingresourceSemioticsystemasameaningpotentialCultureasthetotalmeaningresources 2 Use oriented 21areasofapplications3 Text based textastheorientedunitofanalysis 8 UsesofLanguageMichaelHallidayprefacesthe1994editionofhisfunctionalgrammarwithanopen endedlistof21possibleapplicationsofSFL Halliday1994 xxix xxx Theseincludetheoreticalconcerns tounderstandthenatureandfunctionsoflanguage historicalones tounderstandhowlanguagesevolvethroughtime developmentalones tounderstandhowachilddevelopslanguage andhowlanguagemayhaveevolvedinthehumanspecies andeducationalones tohelppeoplelearntheirmothertongue foreignlanguages etc Underlyingalltheseveryvariedapplicationsisacommonfocusontheanalysisofauthenticproductsofsocialinteraction texts consideredinrelationtotheculturalandsocialcontextinwhichtheyarenegotiated Consequently themostgeneralizableapplicationofSFL andtheonewhichwillprovidetheframeworkforthisbook is tounderstandthequalityoftexts whyatextmeanswhatitdoes andwhyitisvaluedasitis Halliday1994 xxix 9 1 2AFunctionalSemanticApproachtoLanguage Itisconcernedwithhowpeopleuselanguage Andhowlanguageisstructuredforuse Byrelatingstructuretoitsuse languagehasseveraldifferentfunctions Ideational Interpersonal Textual Theyformthemeaningpotentialoflanguageasasetofchoices orasaresource 10 1 3Howdopeopleuselanguage Peopleuselanguagebysayingthingsforapurpose WhattheysayiswhatSFlinguistsstudy Whattheysayisthetextstheyproduce Werelyonauthenticdataforevidence notintuition Example TEXT1 1TEXT1 2 TEXT1 3PP 3 5 6Purpose toeducatetheparentsToachievethatpurpose weneedatext notjustasentence Alsoweneedtoplanasetofmovesorproceduresforthetext Asetofmovesorproceduresaremanifestedasthestructureofthetext 11 12 13 14 15 1 3Howdopeopleuselanguage TEXT1 1givingadvicetoparentsTEXT1 2givingscientificinformationTEXT1 3casualconversationThisisrealizedbygrammaticalstructuresandvocabulary Thenwhatdeterminesthechoiceofthedifferenttypesoflanguage Context Contextandtext mutualpredictive 16 1 4LanguageandContext Contextandtextarecloselyrelated Wecanpredictthetextfromcontext andpredictionthecontextfromthetext Halliday sexample Ifyoucomeacrossonceuponatime thenyouknowimmediatelythatyouarebeingtoldatraditionalstory probablyachildren sstory Thereisnoothercontextinwhichthatexpressionisused Youcanthereforepredictquitealotnotonlyaboutwhatisgoingtofollow butalsoaboutthesituationinwhichthatisactuallybeingused typically letussay someonereadingoutastorytoasmallchild Ifyouseethisistocertifythat youonlyseethatinwriting youneverhearit italwaysmeansthatsomeimpersonalletterisbeingstarted usuallyaletterthatisgoingtocertifythatsomeindividualholdscertainqualificationsorhasperformedcertainactions Ifyouhearfourhearts itisprobablynotsomethingtakenfrom ateenageromancenovel butabidinagameofbridge itcanonlyoccuratcertainpointsinacertaincardgame Ifyouhearonyourmarks thenyouknowthatitisasportsocca sionataschool probablyaprimaryschool andthataraceisabouttobegin theteacherstartingtheraceissayingonyourmarks getset go Ifyouhear30please itcouldbeinashop butitismorelikelytobeonsomeformofpublictransportwherethecostoftheticketis30c themeaningis Iwantone30cticket please 17 1 4LanguageandContext Ontheotherhand withoutthecontext sometimes itisdifficulttoknowthemeaningofthetext Whatisthecontextbehindthisdialogue 18 1 4LanguageandContext Sincetherelationbetweentextandcontextisestablished thenthenextquestionis Whatdimensionsofcontexthaveanimpactontheuseoflanguage andwhatdimensionsofthetextareaffectedbytheparticulardimensionsofthecontext Weneedtostudycontextindetail Levels register genre ideologyRegister followingMartin stheory field tenorandmode referringtothesituationalcontextGenre theculturalcontext thestagesandstructuresofthetexts Ideology thevalueswehold thebiasesandperspectivesweadopt thedominantculturalbeliefsandideas 19 1 4Howislanguagestructuredforuse Languageisstructuredaccordingtothemeaningsitrealizes ItrealizethreedifferentkindsofmeaningsIdeational representingexperiencesInterpersonalexpressingrolerelationshipsTextual relatingtexttocontextandsituation organizingthetext 20 1 4 1Meaningaschoice semioticsystems Inasocialculturalcontext meaningsexistinsemioticsystems trafficlight music dance language etc Asemioticsystemisorganizedasasetofchoiceswhicharemutuallyexclusive ItexhibitFourcharacteristics 1 Afinitesetofchoices2 Discrete oneatatime 3 Oppositions materialsarenotrelevant 4 Eachchoiceisrelatedtoaparticularmeaning red stopEachchoiceisconcernedwithatwo levelmodel contentandexpression 21 22 23 1 4 1Meaningaschoice semioticsystems Expression form Content meaning Saussure signifievssignificantSynchronically therelationbetweenthesignandthemeaningisrelativelystable Diachronically itcanchange astheexampleofclothingsuggestsinthetext P 16 24 25 1 4 2Languageasasemioticsystem 1 4 2LanguageasasemioticsystemItissimilartoanyofothersemioticsystems consistingofsystemsofsigns Itisalsodifferentfromthem Itismorecomplexasitconsistsofmoresublevelsystems grammar vocabulary phonology graphology phonetics etc Itismorepowerfulasithasthedesignfeaturesoflanguage duality arbitrariness displacement productivity etc Itcanbeusedtoreplaceanyothersemioticsystems forexample trafficlightscanbeshownbywords stop go slowdown 26 27 1 4 3Thefunctionoflanguageasasemioticsystem Languageorderstheworldforusasasystem 1 Itordersthecontentinaparticularway Childsex girl boy Attitude Child brat darling 2 itorderstheconceptualworldaccordingtoculturallyestablishedconventionsaboutwhichdimensionsofrealityaremeaningful Notalllanguageswillordertheworl