英语复习-----阅读.doc

阅读理解 田晨芳题型探究：探究点一细节理解型【命题形式】 1Which of the following statements is True (NOT True)? 2Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed) in the passage? 3What is the reason that？ 4What do we know about？ 5How did the people know the couples problem? 6Why was the bike so important to the couple?【解题策略】 1掌握技巧，灵活运用 (1)细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。(2)变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。(3)多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。 2了解特点，对症下药 (1)直接信息题 直接信息题能直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时候仅仅在表达方式上稍作转化。 ()1.A wheelchair user may need help to enter_ . Athe House Bthe garden Cthe Visitors Centre Dthe exhibition hall【解析】 A题干关键词为：wheelchair。根据选文中的“The House may present difficulties but the Visitors Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible(可进入的) to wheelchair users. ”可知：对于轮椅使用者来说，可能进入房子有些困难，但是游客中心，展览厅还有花园都可以进入。由此可以直接得出答案。(2)间接信息题 这类题目我们能够从文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是解题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理地加工处理，根据信息做简单推理或鉴别。它是介于直接信息题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。 【典例2】 To us，the most important decision youll make is to choose the school that really fits you bestnot the one that is the most competitive(有竞争力的)or has the best equipped rooms.()2.The author thinks you should choose the college that is _.AwellequippedBcompetitiveCsuitable Dfamous【解析】 C从文中可以看出，作者认为选择学校的时候最重要的是学校要适合(fit)你，即选项C，而不是“装备最好的”或“最有竞争力的”。(3)综合信息题 这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能“断章取义”，也不能张冠李戴。【典例3】 2010湖北 Third, needing to be right. It doesnt matter what the topic ispolitics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authoritysomeone who actually knows somethingand therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, theyll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.()1.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to _. Agive orders to the other Bknow more than the other Cgain respect from the other Dget the other to behave properly【解析】 C 题干的关键词是want to be right because，回原文定位到该段的“Third, needing to be right”. 然后接着往下看“It doesnt matter what the topic ispolitics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to beconsidered an authoritysomeone who actually knows somethingand therefore to command respect. ” 这句话虽然看起来很复杂，如果遇到插入语可以跳过不看，这里破折号中间的内容均为插入语，将其省略，句子就会变得简单得多。又由于题干是对原因的提问，这里我们只需重点看for后面的内容，“for both wish to be considered an authority and therefore to command respect”，故答案为C。(4)是非辨别型 这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。 【典例4】 2010山东 Christopher Thomas,27，was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast.Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病)，Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage，blindness and even death.And if that werent bad enough，he had no health insurance.After a month of feeling upset，Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back.He left Canton，Michigan for New York，got a job waiting tables，nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar，and created ，a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share personal stories，information and resources.Jason Swenckis son，Kody，was diagnosed with diabetes at six.Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛)together most evenings.“Kody gets so excited，writing to kids from all over，”says Swencki，one of the sites volunteers.“They know what hes going through，so he doesnt feel alone.” Kody is anything but alone：Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States，with 24 million diagnosed cases.And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.These days，Thomass main focus is his charity(慈善机构)，Fight It，which provides medicines and supplies to people225 to date who cant afford a diabetics huge expenses. F has raised about $23,000in products and in cash.In May，Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.Even with a staff of 22 volunteers，Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause，while still doing his fulltime job waiting tables.“Of the diabetes charities out there，most are putting money into finding a cure，”says Bentley Gubar，one of Rockstars original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”()1.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas? AHe needs to go to the doctor every day. BHe studies the leading cause of diabetes. CHe has a positive attitude to his disease. DHe encourages diabetics by writing articles.【解析】 C通读全文可知，Christopher Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以C项正确。A项与Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life不符；B项文中未提到；D项提到的写作是Thomas的专职工作，而他在抗击糖尿病方面的志愿工作是运作Fight It 这个慈善机构。(5)事实排序题 这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生、发展的正确顺序。 【典例5】 A Russian lawyer yesterday said the countrys border guards repeatedly fired on and sank the fleeing Chinese cargo vessel off Russias coast on Sunday.Alexander Selentsov, a law officer in Vladivostok city, told the Interfax News Agency the Russian border guards received orders from the Federal Security Service last weekend “to open fire ”on New Star, the Chinese ship, to stop it from escaping Russias Nakhodka port. “The order was carried out after radio warnings，”he said. Russian officials had preciously denied border guards had fired on the ship after local media reported the incident and said severe weather caused the sinking.Vladivostok Daily Newsm the first newspaper to report that the ship was fired upon, said more than 500 rounds were shot at the ships bow and stern. The Russian border guards watched the ship sink for nearly 24 hours, and made no response to the crewmens cries for help, the report said. Sixteen sailors from New Star boarded two lifeboats, Russian crewmen saved one lifeboat. While the other, carrying seven Chinese and an Indonesian, was swallowed by waves.()1.Which is the right order of the ship sinking? a. New Star overturned and started sinking. b. One lifeboat was swallowed by waves. c. Russian warship fired upon New Star. d. Sailors boarded two life boats. Aa c b d Bb a c d Cc a d b Dd c a b 【解析】 C事实排序题。由文章的介绍可以看出，这些事件中：俄罗斯军舰开火发生在最前面，然后是“新星号”下沉，接下来是船员登上救生艇，最后是一艘救生艇被海水吞没。【规律技巧提炼】 在具体的解答中可采用 “首尾定位法”，即先找出首先发生的事和最后发生的事，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出答案。(6)数据计算题 要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准正确的数据进行计算，同时弄清单位之间的换算关系。 【典例6】 2010宁夏海南 Shakespeares Birthplace and Exhibition of Shakespeares World()1.How much is the admission for a family of two grownups and two children? A$9.80 B$12.00 C$14.20 D$16.40【解析】 B 题干关键词为admission。由此可知，应该去第二个表格中寻找相关的信息。根据第二个表格中Family 12.0 (2 adults up to 3 children)，即是一家人(2个成年人至多3个小孩)需要12.0可知答案。探究点二主旨大意型主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度比较大。细分起来，主要考查学生对文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的理解能力。 【命题形式】 1考查文章的中心思想 The main idea/key point of this passage is that_. The passage is mainly about _. From the passage we can learn/conclude that_. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 2考查文章标题的选择 The best title/headline for this passage is_. Which of the following is the best title? What would be the best title for the text? The title that best expresses the idea of this passage is_. 【解题策略】 1抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨 找准主题句是关键。寻找主题句多采用浏览法(skimming)。主题句有可能在文章开头，或在一段的开头，也有可能在中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可帮助你迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。 2抓住段落大意，概括中心思想 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。3抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心 分析的方法是：先弄清该文章主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。【典例1】 2010四川 (第四段)Candidates(申请人) will have experience of both management and research support/technical services. Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable. ()1.What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about? AThe technical skills of a would-be ROM. BThe practical experience of a would-be ROM. CThe personal information of a would-be ROM. DThe necessary requirements for a would-be ROM.【解析】 D主旨大意题。依据第四段提供的信息，申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等可知本段主要谈及对应聘职位者的具体能力要求。【典例2】 2010辽宁 Too much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children. One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs. A second study ，looking at nearly 1,000 grownups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26yearolds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results dont prove that TV is the cause and dont rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人)may watch lots of TV. ()1.What would be the best title for this text? AComputers or Television BEffects of Television on Children CStudies on TV and College Education DTelevision and Childrens Learning Habits【解析】 B主旨大意题。该文属于主题句在篇首。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，所以B项作为标题是最佳的。【规律技巧提炼】 新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，然后再详细叙述事件的发生、发展和结局，因此其第一段一般是全文的主题段。另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点，然后再展开说明或论述。【典例3】 2010重庆 One morning more than thirty years ago，I entered the Track Kitchen，a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly，unshaven man，who looked somewhat dishleveed. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide range of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee，I asked， “May I get you something？” “A coffee would be nice.”Then I bought him a cup of coffee. We talked more，and he accepted another cup of coffee. Finally，I rose to leave，wished him well，and headed for the exit.At the door I met one of my friends. He asked， “How did you get to know Mr.Galbreath ？” “Who？” “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.”I could hardly believe it.I was buying，offering a free breakfast，and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men! My few minutes with Mr.Galbreath changed my life.Now I try to treat everyone with respect，no matter who I think they are，and to meet another human being with kindness and sincerity.()1.What is the message mainly expressed in the story? AWe should learn to be generous. BIt is honorable to help those in need. CPeople in high positions are not like what we expect. DWe should avoid judging people by their appearances. 【解析】 D主旨大意题。该文属于主题句在篇末。根据文章最后一句Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and to meet another human being with kindness and sincerity. 可知，作者想要表达的是不要以貌取人。由此判断选D项。【规律技巧提炼】 有些说明文或议论文先说明或议论一般的问题或现象，然后具体阐述正确的方式或作者自己的观点，等到把一切问题都说透了，所有论据都摆全了，最后用一句话来概括全文，点明文章的中心，此种情况下文章的主题句出现在文章的最后。【典例4】 2010江西 Andy rode slowly on his way to school，daydreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him.He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present.He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens.What he saw shocked and terrified him.A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him. With no time to waste，Andy sped off in the opposite direction，riding furiouslybut without knowing how to escape the swarm.With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously，he sped down the rough road.As the bees came closer，his panic increased.Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇)The last sting had landed him in hospitaland that was only one bee sting！He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days.Suddenly，his fathers words came to him.“When you are in a tight situation，dont panic.Use your brain and think your way out of it.”On a nearby hill，he could see smoke waving slowly skywards from the chimney of the Nelson family home.“Bees dont like smoke，”he thought.“They couldnt get into the house.”Andy raced towards the Nelson house，but the bees were gaining ground.Andy knew he could not reach the house in time.He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon.Suddenly，out of the corner of his eyes，he spotted a small dam used by Mr.Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden. Off his bike and into the cool water he dived，disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects.After holding his breath for as long as he could，Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone.Dragging himself out of the dam，he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell.Mr.Nelson took him inside and rang his mother.“Youll really need that fishing break to help you recover，” laughed his mother with relief.“Thank goodness you didnt panic！”But Andy did not hear her.He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow.()1.Which of the following can best describe Andys escape from the bees? ANo pains, no gains. BOnce bitten, twice shy. CWhere there is a will, there is a way. DIn time of danger, ones mind works fast. 【解析】 D主旨大意题。本文讲述了主人公Andy在上学途中遭遇蜂群攻击， 急中生智， 最后顺利避开蜜蜂，逃过一劫的故事。根据最后一段第二句Andy妈妈的话“Thank goodness you didnt panic(谢天谢地你没有慌神)”可知，情急之下Andy仍然成功想到办法脱险，再综合A、B、C、D四个选项的意思， 可以判断出答案为D选项。【规律技巧提炼】 阅读中最棘手的恐怕要数所选的短文出现无主题句的情况。如果没有主题句，考生可以采用提纲挈领法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来。尤其是记叙文，作者有时仅仅叙述事件所发生的时间或介绍人物，并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄和隐蔽。这时可以回顾全文来概括文章的主旨，具体方法是：1判断出文章的主题究竟是指一个人、一个地方还是一件事情或者是某一事情的过程、方法。总之，人、物、地点、思想或过程都可以成为文章的主题。 2读完一篇短文后应有意识地回味一下文章的大致内容，理一理文章的脉络，体会一下段与段之间的内在联系。一般来说文章的中心就能概括出来，涉及文章大意主旨方面的题目自然会在头脑中由模糊变清晰。探究点三词义猜测型历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。【命题形式】 1The underlined words “took off ” in paragraph 2 mean “_” 2What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to? 3The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that_. 4Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph? 5The underlined phrase “ turn his back on” (paragraph 6) most probably means _. 6By saying “ We need them yesterday ”(paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots _.【解题策略】 1根据定义、解释或同位关系来猜测词义。 句子中有些词其前或其后的文字中就有该词的定义或解释，我们可通过对其定义或解释的理解推测出它的词义。定义、解释多样，常用“to be defined as, to be called, that is to be, to mean, to refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely”等词语预示着下文对前文的信息加以重复或解释。还有一些标点符号，如：冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。2依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义。运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手段下，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand 等。3依据逻辑推理猜测词义。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广、考查最多，也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有：因果关系、同位关系、对比关系、转折关系等。此外，考生还可以依据词性变化和词义变化 ( 词义引申 )来猜测词义。 ()【典例】 2010陕西 When I first got an email account ten years ago, I received communications only from family, friends, and colleagues. Now it seems that every time I check my email, I have an endless series of advertisements and other correspondence that do not interest me at all. If we want email to continue to be useful, we need specific laws that make spamming(发送垃圾邮件) a crime. ()1.What does the underlined word “correspondence” in the Paragraph 1 probably mean? AMessages. BIdeas. CConnections. DPrograms.【解析】 A词义猜测题。本题是根据前后逻辑推理猜测词义。根据本文中的email一词以及endless series of advertisements可以推断出correspondence在此处意思是：信件，垃圾邮件，由此可知本题选A。探究点四推理判断型：推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类： (1)细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；(2)逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；(3)目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者的情感态度；(4)预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。【命题形式】 1It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph) that 2It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph) that 3It can be concluded from the