科技英语写作与英文科研论文.doc

第一部分 科技论文英文写作技巧第一节 词 汇1 概 述1.1 生物医学英文论著写作要点 用中文和英文写作论著的基本原则是一致的。英文写作对于非英语国家的人来说，存在语言障碍。因此，写作英文论著，既要熟知生物医学论著写作的共同要点，又要学会准确使用英文。 对于初学者，在阅读英文文献时要注意英文表达方式，逐渐积累形成语感。应该用英文“写作”，切忌先写出中文后再逐词逐句翻译成英文。在开始写作时，寻找与本研究内容相近的英美作者的论著作为写作参考，从模仿入手。 用英文表达的研究成果，必须在以下方面注意英文表达的特点和习惯，摆脱中文写作习惯方式带来的干扰。1.2 单词（word） 单词是英文中最基本的单元。选择单词的原则是准确（precise）、简单（simple）、必要（necessary）和熟悉（familiar），还要符合医学的规范和习惯。1.3句子（sentence） 句子是单词的排列组合。除了注意英文一般语法规则外，必须符合简明、直接了当的原则。在1个句子中说明l项事物，将句子的主题用主语表示，动作以动词表示，并选择恰当的句型。1.4 段落（paragraph） 段落是若干个句子的排列组合，用以表述1个主题（或信息）。应当合理组织句子，保持段落内容的连续性、流畅性和逻辑性，注意句子之间的连接方式，使段落合乎逻辑地表达1个主题。1.5 节（section） 按论著格式，若干段落组成节（section），如摘要、引言、材料和方法、结果讨论等。每一节都要按照相应的要求组织，并围绕论著主题明确表述设想、实施、结果、得到的论点等各个环节，应注意各节之间的关系和连接。1.6 全文（paper）论著全文除了上述的各节内容外，还有题目、作者姓名、单位、地址、参考文献、致谢等内容。写完全文后，应当检查各部分内容是否明确、重点地反映了论著的主要论点，检查有无遗漏、错误，并仔细作文字调整和润色。有条件时，可请英文水平较高的专业人员或外国专家对论著进行审阅和修改。2 单词选择2.1 单词选择一般原则2.1.1 基本要点 A准确（precise） 科学论著中用词应当准确，对变化程度、变化特征（如增加、减少等）、时间、数量、实验方式、实验对象等问题，不能笼统含混地叙述，而应当用确切具体的单词来描述。 B简单（simple） 用词（尤其是非专业用语）应尽可能简单，要用常用词汇，不要用冷僻词汇。 C必要（necessary） 省略不重要的重复或无意义的词汇；保留句子或论文中明确说明信息的词汇。 D 熟悉（familiar） 应当选用读者均熟悉的词汇。专业词汇要符合规范，面向非本专业的读者应对专业性强的术语作必要的说明解释，或改用能普遍接受的词汇。还应注意以下问题： a） 不自造单词（no invented words）。 b） 不用艰涩难懂的单词（no jargon）。 c） 尽量少用缩写词（few if any abbreviations）。2.1.2其它 A采用学术论著中常用的单词。 B注意单词在句子中的作用。 C区别相似而不相同的单词。 D根据上下文，而不是孤立地选择单词。 E多读、多体会、多模仿。2.2单词选择方法2.2.1 用词准确Example2.1 Renal blood flow was drastically compromised when the aorta was obstructed. 例句中的“compromised”不准确，没有说清楚肾血流发生了什么变化；“drastically”究竟是指到了什么程度，也不够明确，论著中应当用定量的词汇，可用描述变化程度定量的百分率，或用程度定性的副词如“greatly”。本句可作以下修改：Revision 1 Renal blood flow was reduced by 80when the aorta was obstructed.Revision 2 Renal blood flow was greatly decreased when the aorta was obstructed.Example 2.2 The short-circuit current remained increased for several hours.例句中的“several”不准确，没有说清究竟是多长时间，应当写明具体时间，如3、5、7小时等。Example 2.3 The change in short-circuit current produced by 10-5M major basic protein was 85of the maximal response to isoproterenol. A higher concentration of major basic protein would therefore probably have produced only a minimal further increase in the short-circuit current. 例句中第一句的“change”不准确，没有说清楚这种变化是增加还是减少，从第二句才推断出是增加，因此，“change”应改为“increase”。 Example 2.4 Animals were studied in utero 4-9 weeks later. 例句中未说明是什么动物，“animals”应改为“dogs”、“lambs”等。 Example 2.5 In isolated，perfused dog lungs，infusion of serotonin was associated with an increase in microvascular pressure. 例句中“was associated with”意义不准确，仅说明两种现象之间有关联，但不明确这种关联的特性，应作如下修改：Revision 1 In isolated, perfused dog lungs,infusion of serotonin caused （or resulted in, or led to） an increase in microvascular pressure. Revision 2 In isolated, perfused dog lungs,infusion of serotonin increased microvascular pressure.Example 2.6 The sailcylates are rapidly absorbed with a peak plasma salicylate concentration within 2 h. 在英文中“with”是一个多义词，许多情况下应当改用意义更明确的词，本句可改为： Revision The salicylates are rapidly absorbed，reaching a peak plasma salicylate concentration within 2h.2.2.2 用简单的词汇 Example 2.7 All heat-stable materials utilized in the isolation and processing of solution to be injected into mice were sterilized prior to use. 例句中，“utilized”改为“used”；“prior to”改为“before”，更简单易读。 Example 2.8 The Doppler signal displayed continuous low-frequency blood flow that was directed hepatopatally. 例句中“hepatopatally”过于专业化，改为“toward the liver”就易于为大多数读者理解。2.2.3省略不必要的词汇Example 2.9 After 4 h of hemodialysis，we abruptly ended the hemodialysis procedure. 例句中“hemodialysis”在句中出现两次，属于不必要的赘述，可以省略前面的“of hemodialysis”。Example 2.10 Oxygen uptake in response to drugs was examined and found to vary considerably. 例句中“was examined and found to”也纯属无必要，因为作了检查才会有发现，至于有什么发现直接说明即可，本句可改为： Revision Oxygen uptake in response to drugs varied considerably.2.2.4用读者熟悉的词汇 A不自造单词Example 2.11 We vortexed the tubes. 例句中“vortex”。是一个名词，习惯上不作动词用，并且许多人对该单词并不熟悉。本句可改为： Revision We spun （or agitated） the tubes on a Vortex mixer Example 2.12 We studied the effect of clonidine on the hindleg reflexes of the spinalized rat. 例句中spinalized”意义完全不明确，究竟大鼠脊髓是切断?破坏?药物注射?麻痹?麻醉? B不用难懂的单词 Example 2.13 After cutdowns of a femoral artery and vein，we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs.例句中“cutdown”虽然在辞典中能找到，但用在此句中，意义不明确。可改为：Revision 1 After inserting catheters into a femoral artery and vein ,we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs.Revision 2 After inserting catheters into a surgically exposed femoral artery and vein,we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs. Revision 3 After surgical cannulation of a femoral artery and vein，we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs. Example 2.14 Scintillation fluid was added to the hot samples. 例句中“hot代表放射性标记物，但专业外人员难以理解，也不够规范。可改为“radioactive”或“radiolabeled”。C尽量少用缩写词2.3 冠词2.3.1 冠词用法错误Example 2.15误：An isoelectric point of MHH-MF was pH 5.0-6.6正：The isoeleetric point of MHH-MF was found to be pH 5.0-6.6注：在上述情况，等电点对于MHH-MF而言是特定的；用was表示，容易误解为即使不做实验等电点也是pH 5.0-6.6，因此在本文特定条件下，应改为was found to be。Example 2.16误：The enlargement of mesangial area was noted in DN group正：Enlargement of the mesangial area was noted in the DN group注：enlargement 不可数名词，不用定冠词；而mesangial area是特定的领域，DN group是特定的组别，应当加定冠词。Example 2.17误：I has been well known that the beta-lactamase plays major role in bacterial resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics正：It is well known that beta-lactamase plays a major role in bacterial resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics注：beta-lactamase是不可数名词，不用定冠词；而形容词修饰的名词前一般要加冠词，因此major role前加不定冠词a。Example 2.18误：Antibody to BP was measured by passive hemagglutination technique with tanned erythrocytes正：Antibody to BP was measured by the passive hemagglutination technique with tanned erythrocytes注：在特定的技术前应当加定冠词。Example 2.19误：The tumor in bladder was transitional cell carcinoma正：The tumor in the bladder was a transitional cell carcinoma注：bladder和carcinoma都是可数名词。在此，bladder是特定器官，因此要加定冠词：而carcinoma在此是指一种疾病类别，没有特定意义，故可加不定冠词（如carcinoma不是表示具体肿瘤，而表示肿瘤的一般概念，则是不可数名词，可以不加冠词）。Example 2.20误：All experiments were performed three times and gave the similar results正：All experiments were performed three times and gave similar（或the same）results注：similar前不用定冠词，same前可用定冠词。Example 2.21误：In 1950s proteolipid was known to induce mild EAE in mice正：In the 1950s proteolipid was shown to induce mild EAE in mice注：遗漏定冠词，动词也用错。2.4 动词2.4.1 动词误作名词使用Example 2.28误：Comparison between 192 patients in the early age group and 219 in the advanced group was examined正：One hundred ninety-two patients in the early age group and 219 in the advanced group were compared注：句中comparisonwas examined其实包含了2个动词，不仅句子结构变得复杂，还会造成理解上的困难，改成were compared，就显得简洁明了。Example 2.29误：Discussion was made concerning with possible role of various effective nucleotides and nucleosides tested正：The possible role of the various effective nucleotides and nucleosides tested was discussed.注：discussion改成动词表示后，句子变得更直接而易懂；原句还少用2个定冠词。Example 2.30误：We will proceed the determination the metabolites that depress the activities of mucosal ALP正：We will proceed to determine what metabolites depress the activities of mucosal ALP注：本句将动词误用为名词。Example 2.31误：Breedings of these mice were done as described in the previous report.正：These mice were bred as described in the previous reportExample 2.32误：The removal of clgp was performed with EDTA-GVB containing PMSF正：clgp was removed with EDTA-GVB containing PMSF注：以上2句将名词直接用动词表示，使句子意义更明确，结构更简短。2.4.2 动词选择错误Example 2.33误：It was recently described that normal oligodendroglia contained exclusively galactocerebroside正：It was recently reported that normal oligodendroglia contain exclusively galactocerebroside注：described与后面的从句不符合，此外，从句中叙述的是已经得到的知识，应当用一般现在时表示，不用过去时。Example 2.34误：Rabbit antiserum to BSA was supplemented to the reaction mixture正：Rabbit antiserum to BSA was added to the reaction mixture注：supplement用于一般性非特定意义的添加，如The medium was supplemented with antibiotics；但在本句中，向培养液内加入具体的物质，应当用was added to。Example 2.35误：We designed an experiment to know whether the treatment abrogates the cytotoxicity or not正：We designed an experiment to find out whether the treatment abrogates the cytotoxicity or not注：设计实验是为了发现某现象，应当用find out或determine；而know是指实验后知道某现象。Example 2.36误：Primary murine Rous sarcoma was developed in adult mice by a subcutaneous inoculation of a mixture of 5106of chicken tumor ceils and正：Primary murine Rous sarcoma was produced in adult mice by a subcutaneous inoculation of a mixture of 5106 of chicken tumor cells and注：sarcoma是经诱导而产生，用to be produced为妥。Example 2.37误：Infection was protected by injection of IgG正：Infection was prevented by injection of IgG注：protect（保护）的宾语应是动物或人；infection不能用to be protected，而应以to be prevented表示。Example 2.38误：In order to examine whether the tumor cells possess receptors正：In order to determine whether the tumor cells possess receptorsExample 2.39误：We examined the cells to determine whether they possess receptors.正：The cells were examined for the presence of receptors.Example 2.40误：We tried to examine whether or not the lesions contained neurogenic cells正：We tried to determine whether or not the lesions contained neurogenic cellsExample 2.41误：Adherence of Smutans cells to a glass surface was examined as described previouslv正：Adherence of Smutans cells to a glass surface was determined as described previouslyExample 2.42误：The presence or absence of metastasis was examined正：The tissues were examined for the presence of metastasisExample 2.43误：NK activity of the spleen cells was performed as described by Herberman正：NK activity of the spleen cells was determined as described by HerbermanExample 2.44误：The serum was biochemically determined for BUN，GOT，正：The serum was examined biochemically for BUN，GOT，注：以上各例是常见的examine和determine误用。examine是指为了明确被检查的某种物体以及身体的状态，而作的仔细观察或调查；determine是指确定或阐明某种事实、现象等。Example 2.45误：The patients had been performed with radiation therapy for malignant brain tumors正：The patients had received radiation therapy for malignant brain tumors注：perform用法错误。如用perform，则句子应改为：Therapy is performed on patients。Example 2.46误：The pertussis component being comprised in these DPT vaccines was that of a whole cell vaccine正：The pertussis component contained in these DPT vaccines was that of a whole-cell vaccineExample 2.47误：Two possibilities are supposed concerning the origin of mature T cells in the PLNs.正：Two possibilities are proposed concerning the origin of mature T cells in the PLNs.Example 2.48误：Naloxone also protected the codeine-induced lethality正：Naloxone also prevented the codeine-induced lethalityExample 2.49误：One must remind that a patient with constipation may have Hirschsprungs disease，regardless her or his age正：One must remember that a patient with constipation may have Hirschsprungs disease，regardless of her or his ageExample 2.50误：Bovine leukemia virus was detected by in vivo methods from all sheep正：Bovine leukemia virus was isolated by in vivo methods from all sheepExample 2.51误：It is described in the literature that extravasation of the tumor occurs easily on these tumors正：It is reported in the literature that extravasation of the tumor occurs easily with these tumors.Example 2.52误：The neuronotrophic effect restored to the basal level by 21 days正：The neuronotrophic effect recovered to the basal level by the 21st day.Example 2.53误：The test drug was dosed to animals in the form of solution正：The test drug was administered to animals in the form of a solution.3 句子结构3.1 基本要点 生物医学论著写作中，影响句子简单和直截了当的常见原因有以下6个方面： A. 没有在句子的主语、动词及补足成分中表达核心内容。应当将主题放在句子的主语；将动作放在动词。 B多个名词堆砌。应当采用适当的形式，解开名词的缠结，使每一个名词的意义都能清楚地表达。 C. 一个句子包含过多的内容。不要将一连串意思放在一起；每一句子只陈述一个事物；使每一句子的平均长度控制在22个单词。 D代词的先行词不明确。在一个代词有多个可能的先行词时，应当重复先行词而不用代词，或改变句子结构；没有明确先行词的代词（常是this），在代词后加上类别词。 E没有用并列句型表达意义上平行的内容。应当采用并列句型表达两个句子之间的对比（contrast）、相似（similarity）、选择（alternative）和比较（comparison）的关系；在作比较时，常采用“than”，而不是“compared to”；不要比较不同性质的事物。 F避免写作的纰漏。注意保持主语和动词在逻辑关系、单复数的一致；不要遗漏助动词；使括号内信息有明确的意义。 本章将根据生物医学英文论著的句子结构特点，从上述6个主要方面介绍常用的句子组织技巧，表达方法以及结构特点。3.2 核心内容的表达 要使句子简单和直接了当，应当在句子的主语、动词及补足成分中表达核心内容。要达到这样的目的，应当将句子的主题（topic）放在主语；将行为、动作（action）放在动词。主题是指句子要表述的内容；行为、动作是指主题发生或作了些什么，或者为主题作了些什么。3.2.1 用主语表达句子的主题Example 3.1 The children with arteriovenous shunts had the shunts opened，heparin injected，and the arterial and venous sides of the shunt clamped 例句讲述的主题不是“children having something”，因此，将children had作为主题不恰当，其主语应当是shunts，heparin and the sides of the shunt。整句的信息是表达上述主语发生了什么，此句可作以下修改，将主题放在主语，这样主语和动词正确地表达了句子的信息。Revision In the children who had arteriovenous shunts, the shunts were opened arin was injected，and the arterial and venous sides of the shunt were clamped. Example 3.2 The patient showed no change in symptoms.例句的基本信息是病人的症状没有变化，显然用patient作主语不恰当，应改为： Revision 1 The patients symptoms did not change Revision 2 The patients symptoms were unchanged Example 3.3 The patient was begun on 6 g of aspirin daily and had resolurion of his arthritis. 例句中，指的是用药后病人的arthritis发生了什么变化，因此，主语应是arthritis，本句可改为： Revision 1 After the patient began taking 6 g of aspirin daily,his arthritis resolved. Revision 2 Aspirin （6 g daily） resolved the patients arthritis.3.2.2用动词表达句子的行为、动作 在英文中，动词常用来表达主语的行为、动作、所处状态等。如用名词来表达主语的行为、动作、所处状态等，常造成句子意思模糊，使读者不易理解，此类写作错误常见有以下3种方式：将动作放在主语、宾语或介词短语中。 A不适当地用主语表达句子的行为、动作等。 Example 3.4 An increase in heart rate occurred 例句中，动词occurred并不能真正表达句子的动作，而真正的动作increase在主语中表达，使句子变得复杂和间接。修改方法是将动作increase作为句子的动词，取代确定的动词occurred；将主题heart rate作为句子的主语。 Revision Heart rate increased.显而易见，经修改后，句子变得简洁，意义明确。Example 3.5 A progressive decrease in the death rate occurred.例句中，主语decrease被用来表达句子的活动，动词occurred意义含糊不清，应改为 Revision The death rate decreased progressively. Example 3.6 Evaporation of ethanol from the mixture takes place rapidly. 例句的意思应是混合物中的乙醇迅速地挥发，但例句中不恰当地将主语（乙醇）的行为evaporation作为主语，使得句子意思含糊，可修改为： Revision 1 Ethanol evaporates from the mixture rapidly. Revision 2 Ethanol evaporates rapidly from the mixture Example 3.7 Measurements of blood pH were made with a Radiometer capillary electrode. 与前例类似，此句中动词were made含义不清，不恰当地用主语表达主语的行为，应改为： Revision Blood pH was measured by （or with） a Radiometer capillary electrode. 此句中，用“by”可强调仪器的作用，用“with”则可强调人操作仪器。 B不适当地用宾语表达句子的行为、动作。 Example 3.8 The new drug caused a decrease in heart rate. 例句中，主语的动作不恰当地用宾语来表达，而将真正的宾语heart rate放在了介词短语中，造成句子意思间接、难懂，可改为： Revision The new drug decreased heart rate. Example 3.9 We made at least two analyses on each spsecimen 例句的含义是指我们分析样本，主语“We”的动作应为“analyze”，此句可改为： Revision We analyzed each specimen at least twice 此类不适当的句子的修改方法是删除句子中的动词，将宾语中表示动作的名词经改变词性后作为句子的动词。 C不适当地用介词短语表达句子的行为、动作。 Example 3.10 With bilateral leg vessel congestion，the compliance of forearm vessels increased significantly. 例句中，从句的行为不恰当地用介词宾语“congestion”来表达，同时，从句中缺少动词，其结果足整个句子结构失衡、不易阅读。修改的方法是将“congestion”改成动词，并用“when”取代意思不明的介词“with”。 Revision When the vessels in both legs were congested，the compliance of forearm vessels increased significantly. Example 3.11 With hypoxia of longer duration or severe degree，the shortening phase may get progressively briefer. 例句与前例一样，用介词短语表示句子的行为，应改为： Revision When hypoxia lasts longer or is more severe，the shortening phase may get progressively briefer. Example 3.12 A capsule of amyl nitrite was crushed and held in front of the nose for 20 s with normal respiration maintained. 例句中的“with”意义不明确，且从句缺少动词，可改为： Revision A capsule of amyl nitrite was crushed and held in front of the nose for 20 s while the patient breathed normally 总之，在英语句子中，动词是句子关键性的血与肉（1ifeblood），省略动词的作用（用介词短语来表达从句的行为、动作）或减弱其作用（用主语或宾语表述行为、动作，动词用非确定性动词），会失去句子的精华，使句子难以理解。要发现这些问题，一般可检查句子中动词与名词的比例，当动词与名词的比例增大时，句子常见易理解；比例变小时，则句子常不易理解。以下述例子加以说明。D如何发现句子的行为、动作没有用动词表达：a）注意句子中有无非确定性动词，如occurred、showed、caused、produced、was achieved、was obeyed、was noted等。b）注意由动词转变来的名词，这些名词常有特定的词尾。c）注意“increase”和“decrease”在句子可以作名词使用。d）注意“with”后紧跟一个由动词转变的名词，这种类型的名词包含动作，但不是动词。3.3 常见错误3.3.1 双重否定及否定句用法错误Example 3.13误：No method for screening large groups of people has not been established正：No method for screening large groups of people has been establishedExample 3.14误：No pathological changes were not found in these fetuses正：No pathological changes were found in these fetusesExample 3.15误：The cause of cerebral gigantism is not yet unknown正：The cause of cerebral gigantism is not yet known The cause of cerebral gigantism is still unknownExample 3.16误：No contributory relationship between the rising of these values and the presence of bone metastasis itself was not clear in this study正：There was no clear contributory relationship between the increase in these values and the presence of bone metastasis itself in this study注：双重否定在英语中是表示肯定，但常会发生误用，以上例句都是误用双重否定的表示。因此，在研究论文中一般以单纯的肯定或否定表示为妥。Example 3.17误：No loss of weight was observed in all of the infected mice正：No loss of weight was observed in any of the infected miceExample 3.18误：It can be concluded that any colon of MLeprae was never obtained in aIl culture tubes examined正：It can be concluded that no colon of MLeprae was ever obtained in any culture tubes examined注：在否定句中，应以any，而不是a11表示。3.3.2语序错误Example 3.19误：The cells were added with Eagles MEM containing leucine正：Eagles MEM containing leucine was added to the cells注：什么物质加到哪里，常用add，本句的语序和前置词应作调整。Example 3.20误：Most of the cells were attached with bright fluorescent vesicles正：Most o