英国文学史整理 河北农业大学曾经考试要点.doc

第 6 页 共 6 页G.H.Eliot第 6 页2020/1/261.Picaresque novel Derived from the Spanish word picara, meaning “rogue” or “rascal”, the term picaresque novel generally refers to a basically realistic and often satiric work of fiction chronicling the career of an engaging, lower-class rogue-hero, who takes to the road for a series of loose, episodic adventures, sometimes in the company of a sidekick. A well-known example of the picaresque novel is Miguel de Cervantess Don Quixote(1605).2. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。3 Heroic couplet: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aabbcc 4. Romance （名词解释）Romance:The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The medieval romances were tales of chivalry or amorous adventure occurring in King Arthurs court. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is an example of a medieval romance.5. Renaissance(文艺复兴) Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14thcentury and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form.It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.6. Alliteration: is the use the same consonant or of a vowel, not necessarily the same vowel, at the beginning of each word or each stressed syllable in a line of a verse.7. Humanism:it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement. They think that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.8 Shakespearean sonnets: three differently rhymed quatrains and a concluding couplet, with the rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef, gg, and it contains a pattern of iambic pentameter 9 Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）Spenser invented a new verse form for his poem. The verse form has been called Spenserian Stanza since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.10.Soliloquy a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone).The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience,either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. 11 Neo-classicism:it is a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature. John Dryden was the first person who started the movement at the end of the 17th century, while Alexander Pope brought it to its culmination.12 . Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，最为奇特的应属玄学诗里面的。Gulliver Satirea great satire to the whole E society in the early 18th c.-politics, religion, law, diplomacy, philosophy, literature, etc.story:Part one-Lilliput 利利浦岛小人国with people six inches high (15.2cm)Ministers and nobles running for high positions by performing on a rope 12 inches above the ground-satire of stupidity of the E officials Two parties divided by the use of high or low heels 高根党和低根党-satire of the Whig and ToryTwo religious sects divided by the answer to a stupid question“Should eggs be broken at the bigend or the little end?”-a satire to dispute between Roman Catholic Church and Church of England 天主教与国教的纷争Part two-Brobdingnag 布罗丁奈大人国With people sixty feet high (18m)King-wise and kindInhabitants-civilizedLaw-to defend freedom and happiness A satire of the corruption of E politics and cruelty of wars“一大堆的阴谋、混乱、谋害、屠杀、摧残、反叛和欺骗.”Part Three-several places:Laputa-the Flying Island 飞岛-kings and nobles taken up with intense speculation 沉思冥想Balnibarbi 巴尔尼巴比岛With absurd and silly research andexperimentsExtracting Sun-Beams out ofCucumbers从黄瓜提炼阳光using Hogs to plow the ground训练猪耕地Softening marble into pillow把大理石软化为枕头Dwelling in the air由上而下造房屋A satire to the research and philosophy deviating from reason and realityIsland of Sorcerers 巫人岛-to communicate with ancientfamous men A satire to the corrupt society & mens degenerationPart four-the land of the Yahooand the HouyhnhnmsHouyhnhnms-governing class of theland, with horse form but rational spirits“reason, wisdom, knowledge, manners and self-control”Yahoo-fed by the Houyhnhnms, withhuman form but brutal characters of greed, violence and jealousy, etc. the bitterest satire to mens vices and in the contemporary E society.story: three partsthe character of Crusoe: A real middle-class hero and a representative of the rising English Bourgeoisie.The reason: as son of a middle-class family, experiencing the process A nave & artless youth-a tough, wise & wealthy man -a celebration of the western civilization in the 18th c.: emphasizing on material triumph and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment.Evidence:Cs life on the uninhabited island on Crusoe, Defoe glorifies human labor, physical & mental-a significant value in the Capitalism accumulation the meaning of labor to Cs survival on the island as a representative, he was religious and cherished the moral values of the middle-class. He is also an image of a foreign trader.His voyages are closely related to the commercial profit and enterprise:Part one-leaving home to do overseas business as an image of a colonizerNegro-slavery tradeHis relationship with FridayMaking the island his private colonyfeatures:a. Autobiographical elements:Blindness;Discordance with wife;Failure (loss of freedom);Remaining courage and faithb. With abundant inner description through dialoguesc: in blank verseOn the figure of Satan:Showing his conflict between a puritan and a revolutionist:a As a puritan, he was faithful to God, criticizing Satans arrogance and ambition for power; b. But in the emotion, he