英语教学法复习提纲Unit3.doc

Unit 3 Lesson Planning18. Lesson planningLesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.19. Why is lesson planning necessary?Proper lesson planning is essential for both novice/beginner and experienced teachers. 20. Benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways 1). A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2). It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3). The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in the lesson. 4). when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them. 6). The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7). Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement. 8). After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful. 21. There are four major principles behind good lesson planning:1) variety, 2) flexibility,3) learnability, 4) linkage.23. Definitions of variety, flexibility, learnability, and linkage.Variety means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course, things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below the students coping ability will diminish their motivation (Schumann, 1999).Linkage means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language learning needs recycling and reinforcement.24. Lesson planning should be done at two levels: Macro planning and micro planning: The former is planning over time, for instance, the planning for a month, a term, or the whole course. The latter is planning for a specific lesson, which usually lasts 40 or 50 minutes. 25. Macro planning involves: 1) Knowing about the course: 2) Knowing about the institution: 3) Knowing about the learners: 4) Knowing about the syllabus: 26. The advantage of a concrete teaching plan: Teachers can follow it in the class and check what they have done;The plan will be the basis of a record of what has been covered in class; It will make it easier to make achievement tests later;It will be good records for the entire course. 27. What does a lesson plan include? Three components:Teaching aims, Language contents and skills, Teaching stages and procedures.28. The aims of a lesson include:language components to present, communicative skills to practice, activities to conduct materials to be usedteaching aids to be used.29. Language components and skills:By language contents, we mean structures (grammar), vocabulary, functions, topics and so on. By language skills, we mean communicative skills involved in listening, speaking, reading and writing.30. Teaching stages and procedures:Teaching stages are the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom. Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage. 31. Three Ps model: presentation, practice and production. (At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures with reference to their contextualized use. At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and further to the exploitation of the texts when necessary. At the production stage, the students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practiced to perform communicative tasks. At this last stage, the focus is on meaning rather than formal accuracy.)32. Another 3-stages frequently advised and adopted in reading lessons: Pre-reading, while-reading post-reading stages. (This model is also often applied in listening lessons, which have pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening stages.)35. When presenting a new structure (presentation stage), a teacher needs to consider the following:1) when to focus on the structure and2) when to study it in context;3) whether to present the structure orally or in written form;4) when to give out information and when to elicit from students;5) when and how to use visual aids to help with the presentation;6) what to do if students fail to understand.36. Sample lesson plans 1I. AIMS: a). b). c).(include function) II. CONTENTS1. PRONUNCIATION 2. NEW LEXIS: a). b). c).3. STRUCTURE/GRAMMAR: a). b). c). III.TEACHING AIDS: IV. PROCEDURES ( It should be specific )1. WARM-UP (3 minutes): a). b).2. PRESENTATION (approx. 7 mins): a). b). c). 3. EXPLOITATION (approx. 10 mins): a). b). c). 4. PERFORMANCE (approx. 15 mins): a). b). c). 5. OTHER ACTIVITIES: Check yesterdays homework (approx. 5 mins). 6. Set homework, page 73, ex. 4.7. RESERVE ACTIVITY: Substitution, game-like:V. COMMENTS: (Filled in immediately after the lesson). a). b). c).Sample lesson plan 2I. AIMS: a) b) c) .(include function) II. CONTENTS1. NEW VOCABULARY: three new lexical items2. NEW STRUCTURE: How about-ing .? Function: making suggestion.3. ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE: Declining: I dont feel like -ing.III. VISUAL AIDS: Set of flashcards with suggestions IV. PROCEDURE1. WARM-UP: Game (3 minutes), Going on a Picnic: You bring a/the/some .! 2. PRESENTATION (approx. 10 mins) a) New vocabulary: (three new lexical items ab