语法三大从句（教师）.doc

二轮语法复习之三大从句定语从句一、概念导图二、规律点拨（一）定语从句易错点提醒时间地点原因的名词如不做状语，而是做主语、宾语、或者表语时，须用关系代词that /which来引导而不是用where/when/why 等。 May 1 is the day that/which I will never forget.（that在后forget的宾语）Cf. May 1 is the day when all labourers enjoy themselves.（when 作状语）The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.（that或which在后做visit的宾语）Is this the reason that he gave us for being late?（that在后做gave的直接宾语）只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时。3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时。4 先行词既指人又指物时。5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时。6. 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时。当先行词是situation, point, case, stage等表示某种情景、状况时，常用where或in which引导定语从句。Can you imagine a situation where/ in which you can use the word? Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. （二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句差异比较类 别语法意义及特征限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。（三）分隔式定语从句 分隔式定语从句一般来说,定语从句总是紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后,但有时定语从句和先行词会被介词短语或其他成分分隔,干扰了考生判断句子的结构。I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.（四）as和which在定语从句中的区别用法限制性定语从句中名词前有such, as, so和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which. 如：Ive never seen as clever a student as he (is). 非限制性定语从句中当as和which 引导非限定性定语从句时,可指代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。其区别是: 1. as引导的从句可放在主句之前、之后或中间,而which引导的从句不能放在主句之前; As everyone expected，the England team won the football match. 2. 当从句的谓语动词是be announced / expected / known / reported / said / imagined / shown等被动形式,或usually happen、be often the case等表示主语的习惯性或司空见惯之意时,常用as; 3. 当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或具有否定意义时,一般用which而不用as。如：The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgraced.名词性从句一、概念导图10二、规律点拨1名词性从句的功用种 类作 用常用关联词主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后从属连词：that, whether, if, 连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, whichever, whomever连接副词：when, where, why, how表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后宾语从句在复合句中做动词或介词宾语，相当于名词同位语从句放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容2、易混淆的引导词的区别 类 别说 明what与that的区别what表示“所的(东西)”之意,相当于“the +名词+ that /which”或“all that”,可指代不确定的事物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;而that在名词性从句中只起引导作用,不表达任何意思。whether与if的区别两者都表示“是否”,都可引导宾语从句,但下列情况只能用whether:引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时;位于句首时;后跟or not时;作某些及物动词(如discuss、decide、argue等词)的宾语时;与不定式连用时;作介词的宾语时。因此,若if与whether同时出现在选项中,当表示“是否”之意时,一般情况下舍if选whether。wh-与wh-ever的区别wh-ever引导宾语从句时,含有“无论”之意,其引导宾语从句时无疑问意义,而wh-多有疑问之意。no matter + wh-与wh-ever的区别no matter + wh-只能引导让步状语从句;而wh-ever既可引导状语从句,也可引导名词性从句。同位语从句和定语从句的区别前者是对前面的某一名词的内容进行解释或说明；后者一般是对某一名词进行修饰限定。注意：that引导定语从句时要充当句子成分，定语从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。如在I had no idea that you were here句中that引导同位语从句，不能省略。 而Have you got the idea (that) this book reveals of life in ancient Greece? 中that引导定语从句，指代the idea,作reveal的宾语，可以省略。3、名词性从句需要关注的考点：易考点说 明It作形式主语的常见结构(1) It + be +形容词（necessary/important/obvious）+ that从句。 (2) It + be + 过去分词(believed/reported/ decided) + that从句。 (3) It + be +名词+ that从句。例如: It is a fact that . (事实是)It is a surprise that . (令人惊奇的是); It is common knowledge that . (是常识)。 (4) It +不及物动词+ that从句。例如:It appears that . (似乎); It happens that . (碰巧); It occurred to me that . (我突然想起)等。 It作形式宾语的常见结构(1) 用在“动词+ it + 补足语(常为形容词)+宾语从句”的句式中。常见的用it作形式宾语的谓语动词有believe; find; make; guess; suppose等。 (2)某些及物动词或短语不能直接加宾语从句,此时用it作形式宾语,然后再接宾语从句,常用于这种结构的动词有like、dislike、hate、appreciate等。 具体为“动词+ it + 从句”。that的省略 一般来讲，在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that不可省略。而在宾语从句中的that可以省略，但下列情况一般不省略：当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略；由it作形式宾语时；当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或从句时；当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。 从句与先行词的分隔这种情况多见于同位语从句。为了保持句子平衡，从句与先行词往往被介词短语、副词或谓语等分开。 看题时必须分析好句子结构。从句语序名词性从句永远是陈述句的形式。连词和状语从句 【点拨提升】一、概念导图：二、规律点拨各种状语从句连词及用法概览种 类连接词及用法注意点时 间状 语when当时候be about to do sth whenbe doing sth whenbe on the point of doing sth when主句谓语表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。在当时，在那时既然while当时候 While reading, do be careful with the writers tone.表示对比，然而 He is playing while she is washing.尽管 While he had worked hard, he failed again.as一边一边，同时发生动/名/形/副+as+主+谓 尽管as+形/副+as 像一样before在之前It will be +一段时间+before+sb do sthIt was +一段时间+before+sb did sth过多久才没多久就未等到sinceIt is/has been +一段时间+since sb did sthIt was +一段时间+since sb had done sthafter过后until, till 直到not.until直到才by the time 到为止 （与过去完成时、将来完成时连用）as soon as= the moment=the minute=immediately=directlyinstantly= hardlywhen= no soonerthan 一就 each/every time+从句 每次地点状语where, wherever引导的状语从句修饰动词或动词词组或句子。Youd better make a mark where you have any doubts.where引导的定语从句，修饰的是名词，放在名词后。Youd better make a mark in the place where you have any doubts.原因状语because+从句； because of+名词/代词/doing 回答whybecause语气最强，since较弱，表示听者与说话人都明白的原因，as又次之。as双方都知道的原因 since=now that既然（通常位于句首）for不能放句首条件状语if 如果；假如unless(=ifnot)除非；once一旦； in case以防，万一； as long as=so long as 只要；on condition that 条件是，假如；suppose/supposing that 假如； provided/providing that假如；seeing that考虑到； granting that 即使； saving that 除了，除非；assuming that 假使； admitting that 虽说，即使；considering that考虑到 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替。目的状语so that以便，为的是； in order to=so as to为了； in order that=so that为了；for fear that=lest以免，唯恐 so that和in order that后的谓语常用may, could, would等情态动词结果状语sothat 如此以至于suchthat 如此以至于so +形/副+that so+形/副+a/an+可数单数名词+thatsuch+名词+that such+a/an+形/副+可数单数名词+thatso+many/much/few/little+名词+thatsuch+名词复数/不可数名词+that当so/such所在部分放句首时，主句谓语部分要用部分倒装比较状语as+形/副+as 像一样not as/so+形/副+as 不像一样 the more+形/副+主+谓，the more+形/副+主+谓adj/ adv-er + than 比更方式状语as if=as though 好像as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though, although,虽然（不与but连用，但可与still、yet连用）though 还可单独使用，放在句子末尾，意为“然而，可是”。even if=even though 即使，尽管动/名/形/副+as/though+主+谓 尽管no matter what= whatever, no matter who=whoever, no matter which=whichever, no matter when=wheneverno matter where=wherever no matter how+形/副词=however+形/副词as/ though在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用状语从句中省略主语和谓语连词（though, whether, when）+形容词: when necessary连词（when, while, though等）+分词: though invited连词（as if/though）+不定式； as if to say to himself当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有be动词时，可以省略it+be，构成“连词+形容词/分词”结构。 2004-2014年全国各地高考英语试题分类汇编：1.（2014安徽卷）The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. A. When B. where C. why D. which2（2014北京卷）30. The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal. A. where B. when C. how D. why3I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why4.（2014福建卷） Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth. A. who B. when C. which D. where5.（2014湖南卷）.I am looking forward to the daymy daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. A. as B. why C. when D. where604上海Parents should take seriously their childrens requests for sunglasses_ _eye protection is necessary in sunny weather. A.because B.though C.unless D.if7.（2014陕西卷） _ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather. A. Why B. When C. That D. What 804上海Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _ she was bitten on the leg by a lion. A. when B. while C. since D. once 904天津It was evening_ we reached the little town of Winchester. A.that B.until C.since D.before10Ones life has valueone brings value to the life of others. A. so that B. no matter how C. as long as D. except that11（2014重庆卷 ）Half an hour later, Lucy still couldnt get a taxi _the bus had dropped her. A. until B. When C. although D. where12.（2014四川卷） I now, we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children. _ is quite unexpected. A. that B. which C. who D. it13.（2014天津卷） English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently.A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them14.（2014浙江卷 ）I dont become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. A. when B. where C. which D. why15（2014江苏卷） Lessons can be learned to face the future, history cannot be changed. A. though B. as C. since D. unless16（2014江西卷）It was the middle of the night _ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game . A. that B. as C. which D. when 17.（2014重庆卷 ）Well reach the sales targets in a month_we set at at the beginning of the year. A. which B.where C. when D.what1804全国IThe journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 1904全国IIIThere were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A. where B. which C. when D. that 20The shocking news mad me realize _ terrible problems we would face. A. what B. how C. thatD. why21（2014四川卷） Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, Thats _ I was born. A. when B. how C. why D. where22.04全国IVThere are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which 23.04北京George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name24.04北京_ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A. It B. As C. That D. What 25（2014大纲卷）Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565. A. whether B. why C. when D. how 26.04湖北There was _ time _ I hated to go to school. A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when27.04湖北There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which28.06福建Look out!Dont get too close to the houseroof is under repair.A.whoseB.whichC.of whichD.that29.07北京Womendrink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than thosedont.A.who;/B./;whoC.who;who D./;/30.The music video Gangnam Style, _ the singer rides on an invisible horse through the streets, has become such a wonderful hit _ most people, especially the young, are crazy about. A.which; that B.in which; as C.where; which D.when; what31（2014北京卷）.Some people believe _ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. A. whatever B. whenever. C. wherever D. however32She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do it takes to save her life.A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever33It suddenly occurred to him he had left his keys in the office.Awhether Bwhere Cwhich Dthat34（2014江苏卷）What a mess! You are always so lazy!Im not to blame, mum. I am_you have made me. A. howB. whatC. thatD. who35Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thatsthe best jobs are. A.whereB.what C.when D.why36It is difficult for us to imagine_ life was like for slaves in the ancient world. A. where B. what C. which D. why 37 is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. A.ItB.What C.AsD.Which38.（2014江苏卷） The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _a good impression is a must. A. whichB. whenC. asD. where39.（2014江西卷） Among the many dangers_ sailors have to face , probably the greatest of all is fog . A. which B. what C. where D. when 40（2014重庆卷 ）Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah, but I have no idea _he did it; thats one of his favorite universities. A. when B. Why C. that D. how4104广东Parents are taught to understandimportant education is to their childrens future.A.thatB.howC.suchD.so42（2014安徽卷）The meaning of the word nice changed a few times it finally came to include the sense pleasant.A. before B. after C. since D. while43.07辽宁Eric received training in computer for one year, he found a job in a big company.A.after that B.after whichC.after itD.after this44.07山东The book was written in 1946, the education system has witnessed great changes.A.whenB.during whichC.since thenD.since when45（2014北京卷）_ the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year. A. As B. When C. Even thoughD. In case46（2014湖南卷）Children，when by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. A. to be accompanied B. to accompany C. accompanying D. accompanied47The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve our health. A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out48（2014湖南卷） You will never gain success you are fully devoted to your work. A. when B. because C. after D. unless49I dont believe weve met before, I must say you do look familiar. A. therefore B. although C. since D. unless50（2014陕西卷） The young couple, who r