汽车专业英语课文翻2.doc

Engine Classification引擎分类Theengines can be classified in the following several ways: (1) operating cycle, (2) piston action, (3) piston connection, (4) cylinder arrangement, (5) method of fuel injection, and (6) speed.这个引擎可以分为以下几个方面:(1)操作周期,(2)活塞行动,(3)活塞连接,(4)缸安排,(5)方法的燃油喷射,(6)的速度。Operating cycle. Diesel and gas-burning engines can be divided into two groups based on the number of piston strokes per cycle, either four or two. An engine which needs four strokes to complete one cycle is a four-stroke cycle engine or, for short, a four-cycle engine (Fig.3). If it needs only two strokes to complete a cycle, it is called a two-stroke cycle engine or, for short, a two-cycle engine. Thus, a two-cycle engine fires twics as often as a four-cycle engine.操作周期。柴油和燃气发动机可以分为两组基于数量的活塞的划水循环,或者四个或两个。一个引擎,需要完成一个周期的四种泳姿是四冲程循环发动机或、短,一个四冲程引擎(图3)。如果它只需要两个中风完成一个循环,它被称为二冲程发动机或、短,一个二冲程发动机。因此,一个二冲程发动机火灾twics经常作为一个四冲程发动机。Piston action. An engines piston action may be classified as (a) single-action, (b) double-action, (c)opposed-piston. Single-acting engines use only one end of the cylinder and one face of the piston to develop power. This working space is at the end away from the crankshaft, that is, at the upper end of a vertical engine.活塞行动。一个发动机的活塞作用可分为(一个)动,(b)双动,(c)对置活塞。单作用引擎只使用一个结束的汽缸和一个面对活塞开发力量。这个工作空间是最后离开曲轴,上端的垂直引擎。Double-acting engines use both ends of the cylinder and both faces of the piston to develop power on the upstroke as well as on the downstroke. The construction is complicated; therefore, double-acting engines are built only in large and comparatively low-speed units, generally to power motorships.双作用引擎使用的两端汽缸和两面的活塞开发力量在向上以及向下的。建筑是复杂的;因此,双动引擎构建只在大型和相对低速单元,通常motorships权力。An opposed-piston engine has cylinders in each of which two pistons travel in opposite directions. The combustion space is in the middle of the cylinder between the pistons. There are two crankshafts; the upper piston drive one, the lower pistons the other. Note that each piston is single-acting; that is, it develops power with only one face of the piston.一个对置活塞发动机气缸在每两个活塞旅行方向相反。燃烧空间是在中间的缸活塞之间。有两种曲轴;上部活塞驱动一个,较低的其他活塞。注意,每个活塞是单作用;也就是说,它只有一个开发力量面对活塞。Pistonconnection, the piston may be connected to the upper end of the connecting rod either directly (“trunk piston” type), or indirectly (“crosshead” type).活塞连接,活塞可能连接到高档连杆要么直接(“筒状活塞型”),或间接(“十字头型”)。Intrunk-piston engines, a horizontal pin within the piston is encircled by the upper end of the connecting rod. This by far the most common construction.在树干活塞引擎,水平销在活塞是包围的上端连接杆。这个迄今为止最常见的建筑。Incrosshead-type engines, the piston fastens to a vertical piston rod whose lower end is attached to a sliding member called a “crosshead”, which slides up and down in guide. The crosshead carries a crosshead pin which is encircled by the upper end of the connecting rod. This more complicated construction is required in double-acting engines. It is also used in some large, slow-speed, single-acting engines.在十字头型发动机,活塞系垂直活塞杆的下端附属于一个滑动成员称为“十字头”上下滑动,在指导。这个十字头带有十字头销是包围的上端连接杆。这需要更复杂的建设是在双作用引擎。它也用在一些大型、低速、单动引擎。Cylinderarrangement (Fig.4). The four basic cylinder arrangements of a diesel or gas-burning engine are: (a) cylinder-in-line, (b) v-arrangement, (c)flat, and (d) radial.汽缸的安排(图4)。这四个基本缸安排的柴油或燃气发动机是:(一)缸在线,(b)v安排,(c)平,(d)径向。Acylinder-in-line arrangement. This is the simplest and most common arrangement, with all cylinders arranged vertically in line. This construction is used for engines having up to 12 cylinders. Engines are also built with horizontal cylinders, usually one or two, in a few cases with three cylinders.一个气缸在线路安排。这是最简单和最常见的安排,与所有的气缸垂直排列在线。这个建筑是用于引擎有多达12个气缸。引擎也由横向气瓶,通常是一个或两个,在少数病例中有三个汽缸。Ifan engine has more than eight cylinders, it becomes difficult to make a sufficiently rigid frame and crankshaft with an in-line arrangement. Also, the engine becomes quite long and takes up considerable space. The v-arrangement, with two connecting rods attached to each crankpin, permits reducing the engine length by almost one-half, thus making it much more rigid, with a stiff crankshaft. It also costs less to manufacture and install. This is a common arrangement for engines with eight, twelve, and sixteen cylinders. Cylinders lying in one line are called a “bank”, and the angle between the banks may vary, in manufacturing practice, from 30to 120, the most common angles being between 40to 75. (A complete circle is 360).如果一个引擎已经超过八个气缸,就很难做出足够的刚性构架和曲轴与内联的安排。同时,引擎变得相当长,占了相当大的空间。v型的,有两个连杆连接到每个曲柄销,允许降低发动机长度大约一半,从而使它更加严格,用硬曲轴。它也花费更少的制造和安装。这是一个常见的安排引擎有八个,十二个,和十六个汽缸。钢瓶躺在一行被称为一个“银行”,和之间的夹角的银行可能会有所不同,在生产实践中,从30,120,最常见的是40之间的角度75。(一个完整的圆是360)。Aflat engine is a v-engine with the angle between the banks increased to 180. This arrangement is used where there is little headroom, as in trucks, buses, and rail cars. Flat engines are also called “opposed-cylinder” engines.平坦的引擎是一个v形发动机与银行之间的角度增加到180。这样的安排是用在哪里几乎没有空间,如卡车、巴士和铁路车辆。平引擎也叫做“对置气缸”引擎。In a radial engine all the cylinders are set in a circle and all point toward the center of the circle. The connecting rods of all the pistons work on a single crankpin, which rotates around the center of the circle. Such a radial engine occupies little floor space. By attaching the connecting rods to a master disk surrounding the crankpin, as many as twelve cylinders have been made to work on a single crankpin.在一个径向发动机气缸的所有设置在一个圆圈和所有指向圆圈中心。所有的连杆活塞工作在一个曲柄销,围绕中心旋转的圆。这样一个径向引擎占地不大的楼面空间。通过附加的连杆主磁盘围绕曲柄销,多达12缸一直工作在一个曲柄销。Methodof fuel injection. Diesel engines are divided into air-injection engines and solid or mechanical injection engines. Air-injection engines use a blast of highly compressed air to blow the fuel into the cylinder. Air injection was commonly u