Chapter 7 Sense relations between words.doc

Chapter 7 Sense relations between words Words may be classified according to the relation between their sense. The two majoy types of sense relation between words are synonymy and antonymySynonymy (同义关系) -similarity:It refers to the words which have nearly the same denotative meaning(外延意义) are synonyms,and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. A synonym refers to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning 1. comment on the traditional definition of synonyms,whats your definition for synonyms?syn-togethernoyma-nameSynonyms are traditionally defined as word differing in sound form but identical or similar in meaning What is your definition for synonyms? Similarity2. Types of synonyms:Complete or absolute synonyms,Relative synonymsWhat do we mean by complete synonyms?Absolute (Complete) Synonyms-are words, which are fullly identical in meaning(which are fullly identical in meaning and interchangeable in all contexts are Complete Synonyms) in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. Absolute (Complete) Synonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary.For instance, composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaning in Lexicology.3. What do we mean by relative synonyms?are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality, different in affective meaning and stylistic meaning. (relative synonyms are may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution) e.g.Change/alter/varyTake stagger/reel/totter for example. Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course. E.g. stagger under a heavy load;Reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling. E.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall; Totter indicates the uncertain, faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk.4. in what respects do synonymous words differ?a) In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaningAnger(生气), rage(愤怒), fury(狂怒),indignation（愤概） b) In affective情感 meaning, and stylistic文体meaningAfftective(emotive):a number of english words have affective meaning as an integral part of their word meaninge.g little and small are synonyms, but if any emotion is associated with the designation , we must choose littlestylistic meaning: there are many words which refer to the same thing but belong to different stylistic layer :neutral(common),colloquial（口语）,literary(文学),slang(俚语),vulgar,scientific and technical, and so on . e.g. man(neutral) guy(slang) fellow(colloquial)c) In collocation 搭配 and distribution分配A good number of synonyms are used in different collocations, but sometimes they may be used in the same onese.g pretty girl, pretty child, pretty flower,pretty colour handsome boy, handsome man, handsome car5. Antonymy(反义关系)It is used for “oppositeness of meaning”,words that are opposite are antonyms6. types of antonymsAntonyms may be classified on the basis of basis of semantic 语义contrast and morphological 形态 structure 7. types of semantic contrast: Antonyms classified on the basis of semantic contrast, semantically antonyms fall into three types: contraries, complementaries and conversives8. what is meant by contraries相对性反意词, contraries display a type of semantic contrast, illustrated by such pairs as rich and poor, heavy and light, deep and shallow, they are all gradability.9. what is meant by complementaries or contradictories? 互补反意词complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary(二元) semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two term is absolutealivedead, single-married, present and absent, male and female, perfect and imperfect10. what is meant by conversives换位反意词 or related opposite ?another important type of binary opposition is called conversives or relational opposites, E.g lend and borrow, husband and wife , employer and employee, above and below11. types of Morphological structureAntonyms classified on the basis of Morphological structure: traditionally many linguists have adhered to a classification of root antonyms and derivational 派生的 antonyms based on morphology(形态学的). Words like deep-shallow, to live-to hate, up-down, are root antonyms, for they are words with different roots. derivational antonyms are words with same roots having negative affixes, such as happy-unhappy, conformist-nonconformist,possible-impossible, loyal-disloyal, prewar-postwar, code-decode, harm-harmful 12. some relevant points about antonymsa) marked and unmarked memberstiger(unmarked)-tigress(marked)so, the unmarked member is used much more widely than merely as a contrast with the mark one, which is more specific in denotationb) some words without antonyms, like house, window, forest, book, coal, drink.c) different antonyms under different circumstances(环境)an old manan young manan old house-a modern/new housea thin slicea thick slicea thin mana fat mana tall building-a low buildinga tall man-a short manfast a,fixed firmly-loose or insecure b,rapid-slow or leisurely or sluggish c,steadfast, loyal(a fast friend)-disloyal d, dissipated or pleasure seeking(fast society)- temperate,sober, moderate,quiet,modestfresh breadstale bread, fresh airstuffy air, fresh flowersfaded flowersd) lexical antonymy(语汇反意) and syntactic negation（句法否定）impossiblenot possibleunfair-not fairdisloyal-not loyalto disobeynot to obeyword order of antonymous pairs, some phrases contain pairs of antonyms and we must pay attention to the word order of the antonymous in such phrase译法的顺序同中国一致heaven and earth 天地man and wife 夫妻cause and effect因果come and go来去far and near远近black and white黑白thichk and thin厚薄译法的顺序同中国不一样fire and water水火heat and cold寒暑eat and drink饮食right and left左右rich and poor贫富old and new新旧heavy and light轻重sooner and later迟早13. Hyponymy上下义关系， Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” the latterA cat is a hyponymy of animal,chair of furniture14. Semantic field(语义场): ,semantic field theory”took the view that the vocabulary of a given lanuage is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organised into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways (semantic field theoryis concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.the words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocation in common)e.g the words red, green, blue,white, gray, orange, rose,olive,purple may be said to make up the semantic field of coloursthe words father , mother, son , daughter, brother , sister make up the field of kinshipwords in the same semantic field are likely to have a number of collocation in common, for instance, pork, beef, mutton belong to the same semantic field, they collocate readily with the following words: stew, fry, roast, tasty, overdone, raw, underdone.neutral5nju:trEln.中立者, 中立国, 非彩色, 齿轮的空档,adj.中立的, 中立国的, 中性的, 无确定性质的, (颜色等)不确定的derogatorydi5rCEtEriadj.贬损的appreciativeE5pri:FjEtiva欣赏的, 有欣赏力的, 表示感激的, 承认有价值的frugal5fru:Eladj.节俭的, 朴素的miserly5maizEliadj.吝啬的, 贪婪的notoriousnEu5tC:riEsadj.声名狼籍的extravagantiks5trAvEEntadj.奢侈的, 浪费的, 过分的, 放纵的generous5dVenErEsadj.慷慨的, 大方的, 有雅量的obstinate5Cbstinitadj.倔强的, 顽固的resolute5rezElju:tadj.坚决的inactivein5Aktivadj.无行动的, 不活动的, 停止的, 怠惰的adj.非活动的gaudy5C:diadj.华而不实的snobbery5snCbErin.势利rashness n.轻率, 不瞻前顾后advertise5AdvEtaIzv.做广告, 登广告boastbEustn.自夸, 值得夸耀的事物v.自夸, 以有.而自豪bragbrAn.v.吹牛formalityfC:5mAlitin.拘谨, 礼节, 仪式, 正式手续, 拘泥形式associateE5sEuFieitvt.使发生联系, 使联合vi.交往, 结交n.合作人, 同事adj.副的retire 简明英汉词典ri5taiEvi.退休, 引退, 退却, 撤退, 就寝pal pAln.好朋友, 伙伴, 同志vi.结为朋友mate meitn.配偶, 对手, 助手vt.使配对, 使一致, 结伴vi.成配偶, 紧密配合mad mAdadj.疯狂的, 愚蠢的, 狂欢的, 非常激动的, 狂热的, 着迷的n.狂怒buddy 5bQdin.密友, 伙伴nuts nQtsadj.热衷的, 发狂的int.呸, 胡说crazy 5kreiziadj.疯狂的, 狂热的, (指建筑等)不安全的bonkers 5bCNkEzadj.疯狂的, 精神不正常的Here are some words with similar meanings, write them into the boxes according to their level of formality:Formal: associate retireNeutrai: friend, companion, mad, go to bedInformal and not formal: pal(n.好朋友), mate(n.配偶, 对手, 助手), buddy(n.密友, 伙伴) nuts(adj.热衷的, 发狂的int.呸, 胡说), crazy(adj.疯狂的, 狂热的)Slang: bonkers (adj.疯狂的, 精神不正常的), hit the sackrefuseri5fju:zvt.拒绝, 谢绝n.废物, 垃圾rejectri5dVektn.被拒之人, 被弃之物, 不合格品, 落选者, 不及格者vt.拒绝, 抵制, 否决, 呕出, 驳回, 丢弃declinedi5klainvi.下倾, 下降, 下垂v.拒绝, 衰落n.下倾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡, 衰败, 衰落 decline with thanks谢绝ragereidVn.愤怒, 情绪激动, 狂暴, 精神错乱vi.大怒, 狂吹, 风行anger5ANEn.怒, 愤怒v.恼火fury5fjuErin.狂怒, 狂暴, 激烈, 狂怒的人indignation7indi5neiFEnn.愤慨, 义愤trooptru:pn.群, 组, 多数, 军队vi.群集, 结队, 成群而行vt.把(骑兵)编成骑兵连packpAkn.包裹, 一群, 一副, 背包, 包装vt.包装, 捆扎, 塞满, 压紧, 挑选vi.包装货物, 挤, 群集, 被包装, 背包swarmswC:mn.蜂群, 一大群v.涌往, 挤满, 密集, 成群浮游, 云集flockflCkn.羊群, (禽、畜等的)群, 大量, 众多v.聚结herdhE:dn.兽群, 牧群v.把.赶在一起放牧, 成群shoalFEuln.浅滩, 沙洲, 鱼群, 大量adj.水浅的v.(使)变浅, 驶入(浅水等), (鱼等)群集complexionkEm5plekFEnn.面色, 肤色, 情况, 局面careworn5keEwC:nadj.受忧虑折磨的, 疲倦的, 饱经忧患的countenance5kauntin