北师大版高中英语必修1Unit3 学案GRAMMAR.doc

被动语态用法小结英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。当我们不知道动作的执行者，或没必要提及动作的执行者，或强调动作的承受者等时，常用被动语态。一、几种常见时态的被动语态 时态被动语态的构成例句一般现在时am / is / are + 过去分词the wall is painted every year.一般过去时was / were + 过去分词my sisters bike was stolen yesterday.一般将来时will / shall + be +过去分词this model car will be given to my brother as a birthday present tomorrow.现在完成时have / has + been +过去分词the missing boy has been found safe and sound.现在进行时am / is / are + being +过去分词two men are being questioned by the police.过去进行时was / were + being +过去分词the roads were being repaired when i passed by.二、在使用被动语态时，应该注意以下几个问题：1. 一些表示静态意义的及物(短语)动词没有被动语态。常见的这类(短语)动词有：have, hold, cost, equal, join, mean, wish, own, suit, fit, agree with, belong to, look like等。如：this big hall built last year can hold about 3,000 people.2. 当动词look, smell, sound, feel, taste等用作系动词时，不能用于被动语态。如：the eggs i bought last week smell bad.my mothers voice sounded a little strange on the phone.3. 有些动词，如：cut, wash, write, sell, wear, lock等，如果用来表示主语的属性、特征时，不用被动语态。试比较：the blue coat washes well. (表属性、特征)这件蓝外套好洗。the blue coat was washed the day before yesterday. (表动作)这件蓝外套前天洗过了。the new door wont lock easily. (表属性、特征)新门不好锁。the new door was locked by the little boy. (表动作)新门被这个小男孩锁上了。4. 当need, want, require等谓语动词前的主语与其后的非谓语动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，非谓语动词可以用不定式的被动式，也可以用动词-ing形式的主动式表被动含义。如：the old house needs repairing / to be repaired.the flowers want watering / to be watered every day.5. 形容词worth后接动词-ing形式的主动式表被动含义。如：the book is well worth reading.the question isnt worth answering.6. 某些表示“发生(happen / take place / occur)”、“爆发(break out / burst out)”和“传播(spread)”的不及物动词，没有被动语态。如：the news that a famous singer would give a show spread quickly. 7. 由“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动词，如：pay attention to, take care of, make use of等，用于被动语态时，通常将整个短语动词当作一个及物动词处理，也可将其中的名词提前作主语构成被动语态。如：these little trees are taken good care of.= good care is taken of these little trees.time should be made good use of to learn english.= good use should be made of time to learn english.8. 使役动词have, make等以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后接不定式作补足语时，主动结构中用不带to的不定式，被动结构则用带to的不定式。如：my mother often makes me wash my clothes.= im often made to wash my clothes.i saw the teacher go into the classroom.= the teacher was seen to go into the classroom.【即学即练】选用括号内合适的内容完成下面句子。1. i like these english songs and they _ (have taught, have been taught) many times on the radio.2. no decision _ (will be made, has been made) about any future appointment until all the applicants have been interviewed. 3. do you have any problems if you _ (are offered, will be offered) this job?well, im thinking about the salary.4. the wet weather will continue tomorrow, when a cold front _ (is expecting, is expected) to arrive.5. would you please keep silent? the weather report _ (is broadcast, is being broadcast) and i want to listen. 6. professor williams keeps telling his students that the future _ (belongs, is belonged) to the well-educated. 7. as a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area _ (need repairing, need to repair).答案【即学即练】1. have been taught 2. will be made 3. are offered 4. is expected 5. is being broadcast 6. belongs 7. need repairing情态动词用法小结【归纳】can和could的用法1. 表示能力，意为“能，会”。can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力。如：paul can read chinese but cant speak it.when i was young, i could climb any tree in the forest.2. 表示允许，意为“可以”。如果不是用于间接引语中，can和could的时态没有差别，只是could的语气较为委婉。如：you cant judge a person by their looks.you could do it a bit later.3. 表示推测，意为“可能，能够”。本用法多用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中，用来表示惊异、怀疑、猜测、不相信等。could比can更加表示讲话人的不肯定语气。如：theres no light on they cant be at home. could she have left the work unfinished?may和might的用法1. 表示请求或许可，意为“可以”。may主要表示说话人的许可；might除用作may的过去式外，还可用来代替may，语气更婉转、更客气。如：may / might i trouble you with a few questions?you may take it if you like.2. 表示可能性，意为“也许，或许，可能”。此用法主要用于肯定句，间或用于否定句，不用于疑问句。might除用作may的过去式外，还可用来代替may，语气更婉转、更不肯定。如：if you start at once, you may / might arrive before dark.he may not catch the train.must的用法1. 表示必要、义务、命令或禁止，意为“必须、一定、得”。注意：must用于肯定句时，通常表示说话人的主观意志，或要求对方必须做某事。如：i must go now, or ill be late.you must be here by nine oclock.must表示“必须”时，在疑问句中是征求听话人的意见。如果是否定的回答，要用neednt 或dont have to，意为“不必”。如：must i come at four oclock?yes, you must. / no, you neednt / dont have to.must的否定式must not / mustnt意为“一定不要，别，不能”，表示说话人不许可或禁止某人做某事。如：you must not / mustnt smoke at the gas station.2. 表示推断，猜测，意为“一定是，准是，想必”。如：wilsons watch must have stopped. i will go and call him.have to的用法主要表示客观环境促使不得不做某事，或表示道义上或法律上的义务、职责或责任等。如：my dictionary is in the bedroom. i have to go and get it back.i have to be at the office at nine every morning.should和ought to的用法1. 表示义务、责任，意为“应该，应当”，有劝说、建议或敦促之意。如：you should do it for your own good.he ought to have finished it by now.2. 表示推测，意为“按理应当，估计，想必一定，照说应该”。如：the tools should be where they are.my father ought to be here now.need的用法need用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，表示“必须，需要”。其否定式是neednt，意为“不必”。如：we neednt drive fast. we have enough time.need we come?no, you neednt.【即学即练】i. 选用括号内合适的内容完成下面句子/对话。1. i didnt see mary yesterday.of course, you _ (cant have, ought not to), because she had gone on a trip.2. a hard-working man _ (may not, must not) become a great scientist, but a great scientist _ (may, must) be a hard-working man.3. im going to neils birthday party this evening. do you think i _ (ought to, have to) take him a present?i personally think you _ (should, can).4. the film has been such a big success that i guess it _ (cant, dont have to) be easy to get tickets to watch it.5. its nearly seven oclock. jack _ (ought to, must) be there at any moment.6. the fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ (could, had to) get out.ii. 选用方框内合适的情态动词完成下面对话（可重复选用）。have to, mustnt, shouldnt, can alex: do i 1. _ sit in a specific seat for the test?tom: no. you can choose any seat you want.alex: is it ok if i use my book?tom: sorry. you 2. _ use your book.alex: what if i dont understand something on the test? can i ask another student?tom: you 3. _ talk to another student, or ill think youre getting an answer. ask me if you have a question.alex: what h