新托福(TOEFL)插入题讲义.doc

在新托福TOEFL阅读的考查中，每篇文章必会出现一类题，叫做Insert Text Questions，即插入句子题(简称插入题)。考试中，考生会遇到一句话，问该句插入文中哪里最合适。如下面例题： The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing。 Where would the sentence best fit? (选自Official Guide P73) 按照ETS官方指南上的解析，这类题型重点考查英文句子间的逻辑语义关系，即英文中句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的。所以，只要掌握了英语句子间的衔接手法(cohesive devices)，这种问题便可迎刃而解。 首位衔接法认真阅读要插入的句子，找出题干句子中的关键词。关键词一般是名词或代词，在句子中做主语或者是宾语，一般指代插入句子的前面主语或是宾语，或后面那个句子中的某个名词或同义词，即同义词复现原则最后一定要再读一遍，看放入文章中是否符合逻辑要求例1：Contingencies are events that might affect what you plan to do, but rarely are out of your control. Even the best plans are rarely carried out without some problems. Good managers learn to deal with problems as they come up. They make decisions as they are needed and adjust plans when necessary. Flexible plans allow for several contingencies. For example, rain is a contingency that might affect the success of an outdoor event. Trying to move indoors at the last minute could be a disaster. Therefore, your plan should include a “rain plan.” 那么，英文句关键词是contingency 而且，这个句子是对这个词汇的一个解释或定义，在仔细阅读带黑框的文章段落，会注意到在第二个黑框前面的句子中首次提到了contingencies一词，在看第二个黑框后面则是举例说明，如果把句子插在第二个方框的位置，就可以看出，这样即符合了我们所说的同义词复现原则，也符合了“第一次出现定义举例说明”的逻辑原则。子有哪些衔接手法呢？ 例2：This irritation is caused by viruses or bacteria, exposure to tobacco smoke, or air pollution. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs.A It often appears after a cold or an upper respiratory infection that does not heal completely. BIt also may accompany childhood infections such as measles, whooping cough, and typhoid fever. CThe inflamed bronchial tubes secrete a sticky mucus called sputum. It is difficult for the tiny hairs on the bronchi to clear out this sputum. DThe cough that comes with bronchitis is the bodys attempt to eliminate it. Other symptoms include discomfort or tightness in the chest, low fever, sore throat, and sometimes wheezing. Severe cases of bronchitis may lead to pneumonia. 题干中的关键词irritation，虽然没有在文章中找到同样的词汇，但在文章中第一句中很容易找到一个同义词inflammation，这也同样符合我们所说的同义词复现原则，所以第一个方框就是插入句子的位置p36.1 p36.2 p57.2 p66.9 p83.4 p101.23 p111.37 p130.25 p155.20 p165.33 p186.22 .逻辑关系法；利用过渡词和代词，确定上下文语义逻辑关系一1.指代关系；具体包括人称代词、指示代词和关系代词等(personal, demonstrative, relative, etc)。在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代该话题词，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词 they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等 。 例一Most of them like to talk, especially in front of a group.Kindergarteners are quite skillful with language. AProviding a “sharing time” gives children a natural opportunity for talking. B However, many will need help in becoming good listeners. CSome sort of rotation scheme is usually necessary to divide talking opportunities between the talkative and silent extremes. D Teachers can provide activities or experiences for less confident children to talk about, such as a field trip, a book, or a film. 例如，从题干中我们不难看出代词them明显是指代 文章中的kindergarteners, 题干句中的关键词in front of a group, 可以和第一个黑框后面的句子中 “sharing time”是指同样的意思，所以，第一个黑框就是句子插入的位置。Speaking a foreign language is an enormous asset in the modern world. This is why so many junior high schools are now offering language classes。 Todays teachers are faced with a stark choice. They must decide whether to teach in a way that helps student pass standardized exams or teach in a way that actually helps students learn。 Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。 Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossils whale。 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages。 Where would the sentence best fit? p16.24 p21.38 p59,2 p73.9 p81.11 p121.13 p140.382.定冠词the + 名词(specific articles+nouns) 名词所指对象第一次出现时，用不定冠词a连接，当后句再次提及该名词对象时，为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系，会用定冠词the引出。例如， A woman is walking into our classroom. The woman is our teacher。 The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing。 Where would the sentence best fit? 我们先读给出的这句话-This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing. 这个句子使用的衔接手法(cohesive device)属于代词指代前文话题词。this后面的名词economic reliance on livestock一定在上一句里出现。于是，搜索段落，答案锁定在第二个方框前的那一句The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation。这句话与被插入的句子话题一致，都是在讲经济上依赖牲口这件事，所以应插入第二个方框。 Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production。 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers。 Where would the sentence best fit? p92.9 p176.7二 时间关系 then, next, later, finally, etc。 p62.2三 因果关系 therefore, so, as a result, consequently ，accordingly, otherwise, thus p54.2 Thus, the males have a defensive rather than an offensive role. A As can be seen from this description of the process, it is the female lions rather than the male or males in the pride that take part in the kill. B The younger and stronger females are the ones who go on the attack. C While the females are on the attack, the males stay behind to protect the rest of the pride from attack by predators such as hyenas. D先阅读题干，从过渡词 Thus一词可以看出，题干句子是个总结句。而句子中的关键词 “defensive , offensive”可以帮助我们很快在文中找到对应的定位信息词“on the attack , protect”，自然而然的这种因果关系就显现出来了，多以句子应该插放在最后一个方框的位置四 转折关系 过渡词有although, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while，however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, etc。 However, the ground surface is spongy and wet to the touch. Bogs are a distinctive type of wetland. A They appear relatively dry, with only small amounts of shallow water visible. BThe surface material is largely sphagnum moss of other organic matter rather than mineral soil. C Bogs are usually characterized by evergreen trees and shrubs and are underlain by deep peat deposits. D 阅读题干，我们很容易就能找出关键中心词是 “spongy and wet”，根据题干中的转折词however，我们应该判断在此句义之前应该有一相对应的反义词出现，快速阅读文章很快就会找个 “dry”这个对应的反义词，所以，第二个方框就是答案所在的位置。p73.6 p149.11五 解释关系 that is, in other words, etc。 六 举例关系 for instance, for exam