2014级应用化学专业英语期末复习资料.doc

2014级应用化学专业英语期末复习资料词汇和句式Chapter 01. Characteristics of English for Science and Technology常见后缀-on：组成原子微粒或非金属元素，proton（质子），neutron（中子），iron（离子），carbon（碳）等；-ium，um：金属元素的后缀 ， aluminum铝, calcium钙，等；-ane：烷，methane甲烷等； -yl：基，methyl甲基，ethyl乙基等；-ene：烯，ethylene乙烯，propylene丙烯，butene丁烯等；-yne：炔，ethyne乙炔，propyne丙炔，butyne丁炔等；-ol：醇，methanol甲醇，ethanol乙醇，propanol丙醇等；-one：酮，propanone丙酮，butanone丁酮等；-ide：化物，oxide氧化物，hydride氢化物，nitride氮化物等；-ite，-ate:盐，ite亚酸盐， phosphite亚磷酸盐; ate 正酸， sulphate硫酸盐表数字的前缀： meth-甲eth-乙prop-丙 but-丁 pent(a)-戊 hex(a)-己 hept(a)-庚oct(a)-辛non(a)-壬dece(a)-癸 mono-单一；bi/di-二，双；tri-三；tetra-四 Chapter02 Matterchemical bonds massvolumeelementsAtom : atomic nucleus ，proton, neutron compoundsmixturesStates of Matterpressuredensity solubilityVaporizationSI base units Everything that has mass and volume is called matter. Chapter03 Nomenclatures of Chemicalshydrocarbon （烃）alkanealkylcyclic alkanesalkenesalkynesaromatic hydrocarbonbenzeneprefixes suffixesfunctional groupsalcohol （醇）ketone （酮）aldhedye （醛）carboxylic acid （羧酸）ether （醚）ester （酯）amine （胺）amide （酰胺） In general ketones (R-CO-R) take the suffix -one with a position number. The shorter of the two chains becomes the first part of the name with the -ane suffix changed to -oxy, and the longer alkane chain become the suffix of the name of the ether In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid. As for aldehydes, they take the 1 position on the parent chain. ElementsAlkali metal Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Alkaline earth metal Mg Magnesium Ca Calcium Ba Barium. Carbon group Pnicogen: N Nitrogen P Phosphorus Chalcogen: O Oxygen S Sulfur Halogen: F Fluorine Cl Chlorine Br Bromine I Iodine cation Single valence ion Multivalence ionanionMetal Oxide. Nonmetal oxideBases, and SaltsAcidsNonmetal hydridesChapter 4 Work in Labglassware beaker flask round-bottomed flask funnel burette test tube volumetric pipette volumetric flask watch glass running water fire extinguisher analytical scale/balanceLabels All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Avoid handling chemicals with fingers. Labels （标鉴） and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.Chapter05 Technology of Separation and Analysisdistillationfiltrationfilterresiduefilter paperfiltratePrecipitation precipitate1.v.沉淀 2. n.沉淀物 BaSO4 precipitatesolventsolute solutionconcentration CentrifugationExtractionseparatory funnel （分液漏斗）Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE，)critical temperature （临界温度）critical pressure （临界压力） TLCSupercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component from another using supercritical fluids（超临界流体） as the extracting solvent（萃取剂）.Chapter 06 Chemistrychemical reactionreactantproductchemical equation化学反应式，化学方程式Types of chemical reactionsCombination reactionDecomposition reactionSingle displacement reactionDouble displacement reactionOxidation-redution reactions(Redox The bulk of inorganic compounds occur as salts, the combination of cations and anions joined by ionic bonding. Metal oxides that are water soluble dissolve in water to produce metal hydroxides, which are basic. The most reactive metals， the alkali(Group IA)metals, readily replace hydrogen from cold water to produce the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.Chapter 07 Instrumental analysisSpectroscopy ，spectrometry n.光谱学Spectrum n.光谱spectrometer n.谱仪;分光计Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy spectrophotometry 分光光度法absorbancetransmittance 透光率wavelength of maximum absorption (max)Mass spectrometrymass spectrometermass-to-charge ratio (质荷比，m/z) the relative abundance （相对丰度）chromatography n.色谱法chromatograph n.色谱仪 Gas chromatographymobile phasestationary phasecarrier gascolumn inert gasHigh performance liquid chromatographyNuclear magnetic resonance The Beer-Lambert law is expressed as:where A is the measured absorbance（吸光度）, I0 is the intensity（光强） of the incident light (入射光） at a given wavelength, It is the transmitted intensity（透射光强), b the pathlength(光程长） through the sample, and c the concentration of the absorbing species(吸光物质). For each species and wavelength, is a constant known as the molar absorptivity (摩尔吸光系数 ) Spectroscopy is a technique that uses the interaction of energy with a sample to perform an analysis. The data that is obtained from spectroscopy is called a spectrum. A spectrum is a plot of the intensity of energy detected versus the wavelength (or mass or momentum or frequency, etc.) of the energy. Gas chromatography (GC，气相色谱法)， is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase（流动相） is a carrier gas（载气）, and the stationary phase（固定相） is a column. High performance liquid chromatography relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material.Chapter 08 Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)template.PrimerStrandamplifyDenaturationAnnealingExtension PCR is a three-step process that is carried out in repeated cycles. At the end of the cycle, which lasts about five minutes, the temperature is raised and the process begins again. The n