北师大版高中英语选修七学案 Unit19 Grammar.doc

名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的引导词有whether, if, that, who, what, which, when, where, how, why等。【归纳】一、主语从句 用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。如： that she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence.what hurt my feelings was ginas comment. how the prisoner escaped is a complete myster.有时可用形式主语it代替主语从句，即将it放在句首，将主语从句放在句末，以免句子头重脚轻。如：it is strange that martha knows nothing about it.it is doubtful whether he is coming. that引导主语从句时，在句中无实际意义，不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，把主语从句放在句末时， that可以省略。如： that we shall be late is certain. it is a pity (that) susan cant swim.if不可引导位于句首的主语从句，只可用whether；如果用it作形式主语，而将主语从句置于句末时，则可以用if。如： whether marcus will succeed remains to be seen.it remains to be seen whether / if marcus will succeed. 二、表语从句 用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。如：the trouble is that they are short of money.the problem is who we can get to replace monica.the question is when sandra will start the project.后跟表语从句的除be外，还有appear, become, look, remain, seem, sound等连系动词。如：the boy remained where you told him to stand for over half an hour. 在advice, suggestion, order等表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句中，谓语要用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：georges suggestion is that we (should) stay calm.whether可以引导表语从句， if一般不可以。如：his first question was whether mike had arrived yet.as if也可引导表语从句。如：all this was over 20 years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.that is because .表示原因或理由；that is why .则表示由于某种原因所造成的结果。如：bruce did not watch the game last night. that was because he had to help his little sister with her homework. bob had seen the film before. that was why he did not see it yesterday.三、宾语从句 用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。如：as a friend of you, i want to tell you what i hear.amy was curious to know where we had been.that在引导宾语从句时无实际意义，也不充当任何成分，且通常可以省略。但如果含有两个或两个以上的并列宾语从句时，通常只有第一个从句的that可以省略，其余从句的that一般不省略。如：the guide told him (that) they were on a trip across canada and that they had only one day in montreal. 宾语从句既可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。如：i felt that she had a strong will.emily was shocked by what she had seen. if引导的宾语从句只能作动词的宾语，且if后不能直接跟or not（需将or not放在句尾）。如：he stopped to ask me if i was all right.he didnt say if he would be staying here or not.在advise, suggest, order等表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语要用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：we advised that they (should) start early.四、同位语从句 用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。如：the fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.nina asked the reason why there was a delay.常见的后接同位语从句的名词有fact, idea, news, promise, doubt, suggestion, possibility, information, feeling, question等。如：bob got the news that the sports meeting had been put off. 当名词为advice, demand, order, request, requirement, suggestion等时，其后所跟同位语从句的谓语动词要用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：the manager made a demand that the workers (should) finish the task ahead of time.【即学即练】从a、b、c、d四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. _ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. (北京2013)a. that b. what c. who d. which2. from space, the earth looks blue. this is _ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. (安徽2013)a. why b. how c. because d. whether3. i have no idea _ the cell phone isnt working, so could you fix it for me? (上海2013)a. what b. why c. if d. which4. do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell _ close you may be to victory. (湖南2013)a. how b. that c. which d. where答案【即学即练】1-4 bcba非人称转述结构在转述人们说的话或对某事的观点时，我们常常可以用到“非人称转述结构”。一般来说，“非人称转述结构”在英语中有两种表达形式，即：it +动词被动式结构+ that从句；sb. / sth. +动词被动式结构+动词不定式。常用于这两个句式中的动词有：think, say, believe, know, suppose, report, expect, claim, predict, fear等。在使用这两个句式时要注意以下几点：这两种句式一般可以相互转换。如：it was reported that several people had been arrested in the restaurant. several people were reported to have been arrested in the restaurant. 在“it +动词被动式结构+ that从句”中，it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。此时，it不能被this, that等词替代。在“sb. / sth. +动词被动式结构+动词不定式”中，不定式要根据转述的动作和转述时间之间的关系发生相应的变化。如果转述的动作发生于转述的同一时间或即将发生，用动词不定式的一般式。如：mr. jackson is believed to be the oldest person in the country.borrowers are expected to return books on time.如果转述的动作发生在转述之前，用动词不定式的完成式。如：frank was thought to have boarded the plane to new york.如果转述时转述的动作正在进行，用动词不定式的进行式。如：they are said to be cleaning their classroom at present.【即学即练】用“sb. / sth. +动词被动式结构+动词不定式”改写下列句子。1. it is said that latin is difficult to learn._2. it was believed that the house had been built in 1735._3. it is cla