高考阅读理解专题复习.doc

阅读理解一、 高考阅读命题特点1、 所选材料来源于实际生活、紧贴时代、反映英美文化等特点。所选文章多源于国外的英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，原汁原味，地道纯正，具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点2、 体裁常为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文3、 阅读量相对稳定，4篇阅读文章总词数为1100-1200余字4、 语篇结构复杂，含有长难句。行文具有跳跃性，隐含信息较多5、 词汇运用要求高，一词多义、熟词生义、词汇活用频繁出现二、 高考考纲要求要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：1、 理解主旨要义2、 理解文中具体信息3、 根据上下文推测单词和短语的含义4、 做出简单判断和推理5、 理解文章的基本结构6、 理解作者的意图、观点和态度20132015高考(新课标)全国卷阅读理解题材及各类题型考点统计表项目内容年份题材考查类型及数量细节理解类推理判断类主旨大意类猜测词义类2015A应用文(介绍了伦敦运河博物馆在11月、12月、2月和3月推出的四场专题讲座的情况)3(2123)/B记叙文(文章讲述了作者生活在冬天寒冷的纽约，当去佛罗里达州的萨拉索塔度假时，作者体验到了不同的冬天)2(25,26)2(24,27)/C说明文(介绍了现代著名艺术家Dali的作品即将在法国巴黎ThePompidouCentre展出的情况)2(29,30)1(28)/1(31)D议论文(作者从LaChope咖啡馆的经营特色谈起，介绍了法国的一些主题咖啡馆经营理念的变化及其大受欢迎的原因)2(32,34)2(33,35)/A记叙文(作者用幽默诙谐的笔调向我们讲述了他购买的一台电视机所带来的一系列烦恼的故事)2(1,3)1(4)/1(2)B说明文(短文主要说明了人的食量与房子粉刷的颜色、灯光的明暗等有着密切的关系。它们对人的身材会产生一定的影响)3(5,6,7)/1(8)/C议论文(越来越多的学生在上大学前都会度过一个间隔年。然而人们对于这一现象所持的看法却大相径庭。有的人十分推崇，而有的人却极力反对)3(9,10,12)1(11)/D应用文(短文主要向读者介绍了四条一日游线路)3 (13,14,15)/2014A应用文(介绍了剑桥科学节举办的一项好奇心挑战活动的参赛通知)2(21,22)1(23)/B说明文(美国的旅鸽从数量巨大到踪迹难觅的过程)1(24)2(26,27)/1(25)C议论文(人往往被太多选择所累，最终一无所获)1(28)3(29,30,31)/D记叙文(科学家MarkTurin为保护濒临消失的语言而做出的不懈努力)3(32,34,35)/1(33)A记叙文(作者的丈夫从印度来到悉尼，却发现手提包不见了，里面有重要的物品。几经周折，丢失的物品完璧归赵)2(1,2)/1(4)1(3)B说明文(环保意识在美国人心中从无到有，逐渐增强，环保教育也紧跟其上)3(5,6,7)1(8)/C议论文(来自中国的寄居互惠生在美国越来越受青睐，因为越来越多的父母希望孩子可以尽早学习汉语)1(10)1(9)1(11)/D应用文(本文就乘地铁时零币兑换、地铁运行时间、老年人/残疾人优惠、特别提示等方面给予了指导说明)3(12,13,15)1(14)/2013A记叙文(为省钱而推迟航班)2(56,58)1(57)1(59)/B说明文(新生儿对数量变化的敏感度)3(60,61,62)1(63)/C议论文(世界读书日的一项调查报告)3(64,65,66)1(67)/D应用文(英国国家美术馆的参观指南)3(68,69,70)/A议论文(作者通过自己的经历论证了敢于表达自己意见的重要性)2(36,37)/1(39)1(38)B记叙文(为了使整个欧洲团结起来，1947年一群艺术家举办了爱丁堡艺术节。该艺术节受到人们的喜爱并迅速发展起来)3(40,41,42)1(43)/C说明文(巧克力可以调节人的情绪，现在新加坡的CRF可以生产各种各样的巧克力)3(44,45,46)/1(47)D应用文(还在为母亲节给母亲买什么礼物而绞尽脑汁吗？本文推荐了四种母亲节礼物)3(48,49,50)/合计582057考点1细节理解类常见的题干设问形式：1疑问句式以5W1H(what，who，when，where，why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句。Whatdid.plantodoafter.?Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?Howdidithappen?Which.isclosestto.?2以是非题的形式常含true(except)，notright/correct(except)等词语。Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?Allthestatementsaretrueexcept.3不完整的陈述句式Accordingto.，before.，Americanshadlittleideaabout.Toavoidattractingmountainlions，peopleareadvised.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassage，theauthormeansthat.历年的高频考点与解题方法：1寻找信息题题干定位法题干定位法是做事实细节题最基本也是最常用的方法。事实细节题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，可根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定最佳答案。“题干定位法”分为三步：第一步：先通过题干信息来选择定位词。定位词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词，即问题的核心信息。第二步：在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，找出相关的句子。第三步：分析这些句子和选项，得出正确答案。如：2015全国B片段Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when its time to repaint，go blue.6A home environment in blue can help people .Adigest food better Breduce food intakeCburn more calories Dregain their appetites答案B解析细节理解题。题干中的Ahomeenvironmentinblue对应文章中的peoplewhoatemealsinablueroom，可知在蓝色的房间内人吃的相对较少。2语意转换题断章取义法在高考试题中，细节理解题已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查学生对英语语言的理解能力。解答这类题可用“断章取义法”，即带着问题，有针对性地扫读短文，迅速锁定相关词句，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表述。如：2015浙江A片段From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation.When children are little we make them read aloud，before the teacher and other children，so that we can be sure they “know” all the words they are reading.This means that when they dont know a word，they are going to make a mistake，right in front of everyone.After having taught fifthgrade classes for four years，I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books，and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.41According to the passage，childrens fear and dislike of books may result from .Areading little and thinking littleBreading often and adventurouslyCbeing made to read too muchDbeing made to read aloud before others答案D解析细节理解题。题干的意思是：根据文章，孩子们害怕或者不喜欢读书是因为。根据本段第二、三句“Whenchildrenarelittlewemakethemreadaloud，beforetheteacherandotherchildren，sothatwecanbesuretheyknowallthewordstheyarereading.Thismeansthatwhentheydontknowaword，theyaregoingtomakeamistake，rightinfrontofeveryone.”可知孩子们被要求当众大声朗读，当他们不认识单词的时候，他们会犯错，而且是在所有的人面前犯错，这会让他们害怕。此题没有直接答案而是用一种同义表达的形式提示答案。3图文转换题按“文”索“图”法图文转换题即根据短文描述找出相应图形，或根据图形选出相应文字答案。可采用“文字锁定法”，找出描绘图形的句段，按“文”索“图”，迅速锁定相关图形。图表类阅读题常常只有少量的文字表述，要依据所提供的图表或描述进行理解。阅读时必须弄清图表中各部分的对应关系，同时针对所设问题进行有目的地识读。也可采用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便确定正确答案。如：2015年浙江B片段BarGraphsAbargraphhastwoaxesandusesbarstoshowamounts.InGraph1，weseethatthexaxisshowsgradesthatstudentsearned，andtheyaxisshowshowmanystudentsearnedeachgrade.Youcanseethat6studentsearnedanAbecausethebarforAstretchesupto6ontheverticalmeasurement.Thereisalotofinformationwecangetfromasimplegraphlikethis (SeeGraph1)47WhatisthetotalnumberofstudentswhoearnedaCorbetter?A4.B6.C10.D20.答案D解析细节理解题。根据图1所示，C等级以上的包括A、B、C，A等级的有6个人，B等级的有10个人，C等级的有4个人，加起来一共是20人，故选D项。4是非判断题对号入座法、排除法(1)对号入座法。带着细节性问题中所给出的关键词返回原文，找出相关的词或相对应的句子，仔细阅读，从中找出答案。但需要注意的是，这些问题的提问方式往往不是直接照搬文中的原话，而是使用同义词、近义词等来复述，所以考生一定要认真审题。虽然这类细节题在文章中能够找到答案，但是正确选项与文章中的原句还是会有出入的，命题者通常用不同的词语或句型表达同一个意思。如用同义词替换、词类转换、肯定否定互换等，但万变不离其宗。如：2015浙江C片段Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily，themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜间活动的) speciesonthisplanet.Instead，wearediurnalcreatures，witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesunslight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact，eventhoughmostofusdontthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetitstheonlywaytoexplainwhatwevedonetothenight：Weveengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.50Accordingtothepassage，humanbeings.AprefertoliveinthedarknessBareusedtolivinginthedaylightCwerecuriousaboutthemidnightworldDhadtostayathomewiththelightofthemoon答案B解析细节理解题。根据本段第二句中“.witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesunslight.”可以知道答案。其中adaptedto和usedtodoing同义，意为“习惯于”。(2)排除法。对于是非判断题中的“三错一对”或“三对一错”类试题，考生通常可以用排除法解答。这就要求考生仔细阅读文章，排除未在文章中提及或转述错误的三个细节选项，或排除文章中已知信息的三个选项，剩下的选项便是正确答案。如：2015福建第59题59WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?AThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.BMorethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.CThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.DAnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一段“CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos (disappointingly，butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones)Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine.”可知A项错误；根据第二段“Everyyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque，NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia，theCaribbeanandChina.”可知B项错误；由倒数第二段中的“OnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust，theSpanishtownofhostsLaTomatinatheworldslargestfoodfight.Aweeklongcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweeksevents.”可知D项错误。根据文中的“Youmightliketotry.oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.”可知你可以任意品尝展出的上千种食物。故选C。5数字计算题结果求证法数字事实细节题一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。一般来说，从数学的角度讲，计算量都比较小，容易计算。但是英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。解决此类问题可将原文信息的表述以数字计算的形式表现出来，进行结果求证。如：2015四川C片段Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustasheavyaspaidwork.Now，thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheywerepaidfortheirparentallabours，theywouldearnasmuchas172,000ayear.Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo，aswellasthehourstheyareworking，todeterminethefigure.Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome30,000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.38HowmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkingasthePrimeMinister?A30,000.B142,000.C172,000.D202,000.答案B解析细节理解题。根据文中的“.theywouldearnasmuchas172,000ayear.”以及“Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome30,000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.”可知，总理的工资是17200030000142000。故选择B。6细节排序题首尾定位法排序题会出现在各种文体中，记叙文中的排序题通常以故事发生的时间为线索，也就是排列出什么时间发生了什么事情；说明文中的排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索，也就是排列出先说明什么后说明什么；而议论文中的排序题则要以逻辑顺序为线索，比如解决问题的方法步骤等。做此类排序题可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一件事情和最后一件事情，这样可以迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确答案，或用代入淘汰法顺序逐一排除，从而得出正确答案。如：2014四川C片段Aschoolgirlsavedherfatherslifebykickinghiminthechestafterhesufferedaseriousallergic(过敏的) reactionwhichstoppedhisheart.Izzy，nine，restartedfatherColmsheartbystamping(踩) onhischestafterhefelldownathomeandstoppedbreathing.Izzysmother，Debbie，immediatelycalled999butIzzyknewdoctorswouldneverarriveintimetosaveherfather，sodecidedtouseCPR.However，shequicklydiscoveredherarmswerentstrongenough，soshestampedonherfatherschestinstead.Debbiethentookoverwithsomemoreconventionalchestcompressions(按压) untiltheambulancearrived.Izzy，whohasbeengivenabraveryawardbyherschool，said，“Ijustkickedhimreallyhard.MymumtaughtmeCPRbutIknewIwasntstrongenoughtousehands.Iwasquitescared.ThedoctorsaidImightaswellbeadoctororanurse.MymumsaidthatDadwasgoingtohospitalwithabigfootprintonhischest.”“Shesalittlestar，”saidDebbie.“IwasreallyupsetbutIzzyjusttookover.Ijustcantbelievewhatshedid.Ireallythinkallchildrenshouldbetaughtfirstaid.IzzydidCPRthenthedoctorturnedup.Colmhadtohavemoretreatmentonthewaytothehospitalandwevegottoseeanexpert.”40Whatstherightorderoftheevents?Izzy kicked Colm.Debbie called 999.Izzy learned CPR.Colms heart stopped.ABCD答案C解析细节理解题。由上下文可知，Izzy先前了解了一些CPR (心肺复苏术)，后来她父亲因过敏反应心脏停止了工作，Izzy的母亲Debbie拨了999急救电话，然后Izzy采取了急救措施。考点2推理判断类常见的题干设问形式：1This passage/text would most likely be found in/taken from.2Where does this text probably come from?3What can be inferred from the passage?4We can infer from the text that./According to the passage/text/author，we can.5What can we learn/infer from.?6Which of the following words/statements does.?7Why did the author mention.？/How did the.?8The author implies that.9From Paragraph 4 we can infer that.10It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that.11The passage is probably written/intended for.12The author uses the examples of.to show that.13Whats the authors attitude towards/opinion on.14The writer of the passage seems to think that.15What did sb.mean when he/she said.?16Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?17What type of writing is this text?18Which of the following reflects the authors opinion?19The author develops the text by.推理判断题的相关知识与解题方法：1推理判断题应注意的5个问题(1)抓关键信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语，去分析、推理、判断。充分利用逆向思维或正向推理等方式，推断出所隐含的深层含义。(2)整合全文(段)信息，综合推断。做推理题时，需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳选项。(3)从语境褒贬性看写作意图。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。(4)寻字里行间，定情感脉络。作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于起修饰作用的词语之中。在推断过程中，应特别注意作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。(5)据上下文逻辑，实事求是判断。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是仅仅根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解。2推理判断题的常见题材(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。(2)广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认。(3)产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。如果没有以上格式，就需要根据文章内容进行推断。如：2015浙江C片段Living in a glare of our own making，we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritagethe light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night.In a very real sense，light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe，to forget the scale of our being，which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Waythe edge of our galaxyarching overhead.53It is implied in the last paragraph that .Alight pollution does harm to the eyesight of animalsBlight pollution has destroyed some of the world heritagesChuman beings cannot go to the outer spaceDhuman beings should reflect on their position in the universe答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Inaveryrealsense，lightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse.”可推断出我们人类应该反思自己，审视自己的位置。故选D项。3观点态度题应注意的几个问题(1)要学会辨清文章的体裁。高考阅读理解题涉及各类文章，以议论文为主，文章的主题句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度、立场；说明文，因为其体裁的客观性，所以作者往往采取中立态度；记叙文，因为作者写作时也常带有某种感情倾向性，所以考生在读这种体裁的文章时要细心，捕捉那些烘托气氛、表达或暗示情感或态度的词句。(2)要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：表示支持或肯定的词语positive积极的，乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的等。表示中立的词语indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的，中立的；uninterested不感兴趣的；neutral中立的；subjective主观的；objective客观的等。表示反对或否定的词语disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious怀疑的；disappointed失望的；ironic讽刺的等。表示情感的词语bitter令人不快的；emotional情绪激动的；angry气愤的等。如：2015北京DTechnological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better.However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys(调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormitories.The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.In the context(背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their collegeage children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not.On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parentstodays grandparentswould have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new；nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenon is neither good nor bad；it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.68The writer believes that .Aparents today are more protective than those in the pastBthe disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantagesCtechnology explains greater parental involvement with their childrenDparents changed attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independence答案C解析观点态度题。第三段作者提出调查的结果并不能理解为现在的家长对孩子不放手，接下来的两段作者论述了出现这种结果的真正原因是科技的发展使得交流的手段更丰富，成本更低廉，第四段最后一句“Manystudiesshowthatolderparentstodaysgrandparentswouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.”以及最后一段更是再一次强调了这种观点。故选C。4文章结构题的解题方法(1)按事情发展的顺序；(2)按时间的先后顺序；(3)按地点或空间位置的变换；(4)按内容的总分关系；(5)按人物的活动内容。针对此类题，考生应做到：一读，就是通读全文；二想，就是想一想每一段落的主要意思；三归，就是把一些内容相同或关系密切的段落合并在一起，成为一个大段；四查，就是再把各段段意连起来，看是否能构成一个连贯的整体；五选，选出符合文章结构的正确答案。此外，做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的顺序描写，也可能通过举例、分类、对比来叙述，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的推测。如：2015北京D(文章见上)70Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?答案B解析文章结构题。分析全文可知第一段简单介绍，提出问题；第二段为第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度较高的现象；第三段是第二个论点，指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手；第四、五段为两个次论点，第一个次论点是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多的参与，第二个次论点是子女经济不独立导致父母对子女的生活更多的参与；最后一段得出结论。故选B。考点3主旨大意类常见的题干设问形式：1主题型主旨归纳题The main idea (central idea) of the passage is.The passage is mainly about.The passage mainly discusses.The passage is concerned primarily about.Which of the following statements can best summarize/sum up the main idea of the passage?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage/text mainly about?2标题型主旨归纳题The best title for the passage might be.Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?What can/might be the best title for the text/the passage?3目的型主旨归纳题The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to.The passage is meant to.The authors purpose is to show.The purpose of the article is to.What does the author want to tell us?What is the purpose of the text?主旨大意题的解题方法：主题句是文章的核心，它往往是一个有很强概括性和代表性的句子。找到了文章主题句，文章的中心思想也就显而易见了。1主题句位于首段：其特点是开门见山地提出论点，再分别说明。2主题句位于尾段：其特点是归纳式，即细节在前，概括在后。3主题句位于中间段落：其特点是引出话题论述主题解释。了解这一特点有利于考生根据文章开头和结尾的内容进行综合推理。若文章无主题句，考生可以依据文中的事实、细节、观点，归纳出文章的主题。主旨大意题的出题形式：1标题归纳题(1)标题特征概括性。文章的标题能最大程度地概括全文，直接指向文章的主要内容，体现文章主旨。醒目性。标题要能吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章的阅读兴趣。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂，要简洁、突出、新颖。标题的好坏往往影响读者阅读的兴趣。读者一般会通过阅读标题来取舍文章，故标题要醒目，以吸引读者的注意力。(2)标题的归纳方式要做好标题归纳题，还需要了解标题的归纳方式。一般来说，标题的归纳方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法原则浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。比如某文章的中心句子为：Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.话题：Coffee控制性概念：isauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld标题：CoffeeAroundtheWorld注意，做此类题时，要避免下列三种错误：(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而导致范围太小)；(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。如：2015浙江C片段Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily，themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead，wearediurnalcreatures，witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesunslight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact，eventhoughmostofusdontthinkofours