4.13-名词和名词练习.doc

初中英语新课标语法项目 (十九项)1、名词 n. 2、代词 pron. 3、数词num. 4、介词prep. 5、连词conj. 6、形容词adj. 7、副词adv. 8、冠词art. 9、动词v. 10、时态 11、语态 12、非谓语动词 13、构词法 14、句子种类 15、句子成分 16、简单句的基本句型 17、并列复合句 18、主从复合句 19、直接引语和间接引语前九项都是词的类别，我们称之为词性。除了这九种词性外，还有叹词int.，如hello, hi, oh等，叹词不是重点，没有列入语法项目。我们用一个口诀来记住英语有哪些词性吧：“名代数介连，形副冠动叹。”1到9项和12、13项这十一项叫词法；10、11、14到19这八项叫句法，其中第10项时态是难点和重点。初中英语新课标语法项目一 名词 Noun1、名词概念：表示人、事物、时间、地点等或抽象概念名称的词叫名词（Noun），用n.表示。2、名词分类：名词分为普通名词（Common noun）和专有名词（Proper noun）两类。1）普通名词：表示某一类人或事物、某种物质或抽象概念的词叫普通名词，如engineer, room, milk, stress。普通名词又可分为个体名词（Individual noun）、集体名词（Collective noun）、物质名词（Mass noun）及抽象名词（Abstract noun）四种。 （1）个体名词：表示个体的人或事物的名词，如boy, teacher, apple, bird, night。（2）集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体的名词，如family, class, group, team。需要注意的是，集体名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。用单数是把集体名词看作整体，用复数是把集体名词看作整体中的组成部分或各成员，例如：His family is large. 他家挺大的。 动词用单数His family are all watching TV. 他的家人都在看电视。 动词用复数（3）物质名词：表示物质或不具备确定形状或大小的物质的名词，如water, meat, rice。（4）抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如动作、状态、品质、情感或其他抽象概念的名词，如advice, love, experience, health。2）专有名词：表示具体的人或事物、地点、机构、团体、国家、节日等名称的词叫专有名词，首字母往往大写，如John, Olympics奥运会, London, IOC 国际奥委会, NBA, Britain, Christmas。3、名词的数：名词可分为可数名词C.（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词U.（Uncountable Nouns）。1）可数名词：可数名词有单数（singular）和复数（plural）两种形式，表示一个人或事物用单数形式，表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式，如a girl, two girls, a book, some books。（1）可数名词复数的规则变化：一般在词尾加-s，如desk-desks, map-maps, bag-bags, pen-pens, worker-workers。以s, F, tF等音结尾的名词在其后加-es，如bus-buses, horse-horses, box-boxes, dish-dishes, watch-watches。以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词，变y为i，再加-es，如country-countries, city-cities, baby-babies。但要注意：以元音字母加-y结尾的名词的复数形式加-s，如boy-boys, day-days。以-f或-fe结尾的名词，把-f或-fe变成-ves，如thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, half-halves, leaf-leaves, self-selves, shelf-shelves, wolf-wolves, knife-knives, life-lives, wife-wives。以辅音字母+-o结尾的名词在其后加-es，如tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, hero-heroes 英雄, mosquito-mosquitoes 蚊子。但要注意：以元音字母+-o结尾的名词加-s，如zoo-zoos, bamboo-bamboos, kangaroo-kangaroos, video-videos, radio-radios；还有某些外来词或缩略词尽管是以辅音字母+-o结尾，也只加-s，如piano-pianos（缩自意大利语pianoforte）, photo-photos（photo是photograph的缩写形式）, kilo-kilos 公斤（kilo是kilogram的缩写形式）。（2）可数名词复数的不规则变化：改变内部元音，如man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, louse-lice 虱子。加-en，如child-children, ox-oxen 牛。形式不变，如sheep-sheep, deerdeer。注意：英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现的，如glasses 眼镜, scissors 剪刀, compasses 圆规, pants / trousers 裤子, chopsticks 筷子, clothes 衣服。2）不可数名词：不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念，如状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西；不可数名词不分单复数，它在句中用作主语时，句子谓语用单数形式，如Water is important. Wealth doesnt mean happiness. 富有并不意味幸福。常见的不可数名词有fun, love, happiness 幸福, pleasure 快乐, help, weather, pollution, work, advice, information, knowledge, music, traffic, news, bread, fruit, money, paper, sand, grass, hair, homework, housework, meat, sugar, tea, coffee, juice, English 英语。（注意：不可数名词的前面一般不出现不定冠词a / an，若要表示它的个体意义时，需要与一个短语连用，相当于中文里的“+量词+名词”，其中的量词意义应与具体的名词搭配而定，如a piece of bread / cake / meat / paper / furniture / news /advice / information / work / cloth（布）一块面包 / 一块蛋糕 / 一块肉 / 一张纸 / 一件家具 / 一条新闻 / 一条建议 / 一则信息 / 一件工作 / 一匹布，再如a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水）4、名词的功能：名词在句中用作主语、宾语、宾语补语、表语、定语、状语及同位语等，如：The bag is in the desk. 书包在桌子里。 bag 作主语I found my bag in the desk. 我在桌子里找到了我的包。 bag作宾语We elected him our monitor. 我们选他为我们的班长。 monitor作宾语him的补语This is a good book. 这是一本好书。 book作表语There is an apple tree. 有一棵苹果树。 apple作定语（注意：名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，而且被修饰的名词变为复数时，作定语用的名词一般不需要变为复数形式，如There are two apple trees. 有两棵苹果树。但由man或woman作定语修饰的名词变成复数时，两部分都要变为复数形式，如man doctormen doctors 男医生, woman singerwomen singers 女歌手。）They work day and night. 他们日夜工作。 day and night作状语The present, a toy, was cheap. 这件礼物一个玩具不贵。 toy作同位语5、名词所有格：名词所有格表示所有关系，分为s所有格和of所有格两种。1）s所有格：主要用于有生命的名词，单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加s（以s结尾的只需加）构成所有格，例如： Have you read Lu Xuns books？ 你读过鲁迅的书吗？These are the childrens clothes. 这些是孩子们的衣服。The students report cards have been handed out. 学生们的成绩单已发下去了。但是s所有格也可用于表示时间、地点、团体或机构等非生命的事物，例如：Have you read todays newspaper? 你读今天的报纸了吗？In a few years time, he will graduate from the university. 过几年的时间以后，他将大学毕业。New Yorks population is much larger than Washingtons. 纽约的人口比华盛顿多得多。We were glad to see the clubs successful visit. 我们高兴地看到了该俱乐部的成功来访。This is the governments plan. 这就是政府计划。其次，s所有格还可以表示处所，如店铺等或某人家，这时名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，实际上是省略掉了后面的office, shop, house等词，这也是英语语言趋于简化的一个流行特征，例如：a doctors (office) 诊所, a butchers (shop) 肉铺, a tailors (shop) 裁缝铺, a barbers (shop) 理发店, my sisters (house) 我姐姐家。另外需要注意的一点是，若人或事物为两者共有，只是在后者用s所有格；如果不是两者共有，而是各有各的，则前后者都用s所有格，而且其后名词一般为复数，例如：MaryandAlicesmother is a teacher.Mary和Alice的妈妈是个老师。(Mary和Alice是姐妹)Marys and Alices mothers are teachers.Mary的妈妈和Alice的妈妈是老师。(Mary和Alice不是姐妹)2）of所有格：主要用于无生命的名词，“A of B”译作“B的A”例如：Its a map of China. 它是一幅中国地图。I forgot the name of the film. 我忘记电影名字了。Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。另外，of所有格可以表示同位关系，例如：My friend lives in the city of Beijing. 我朋友住在北京城。3）双重所有格：双重所有格是指of所有格和s所有格一同使用所构成的所有格，即“of名词s所有格”这一结构，双重所有格中的名词必须表示人，不能是事物，我们可以说a friend of my brothers（我哥哥的一个朋友），而不能说a leg of a desks。需要注意该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的，比如我们可以说a friend of the teachers（这位老师的一个朋友），a novel of the authors（那位作者的一部小说），而不能说a friend of a teachers或 a novel of an authors。另外，双重所有格也可以是“of+名词性物主代词”，如a friend of mine 我的一位朋友（=one of my friends）。名词练习一、选择填空。1. April come before _ and after _.A. March, May B. May, March C. June, May D. March, February 2. His family _ all music lovers. A. is B. are C. has D. have3. -Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep4. Will you please give them _?A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5. Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident.A. feet B. tooth C. hand D. ear6. There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7. Whats your _ for being late again?A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news8. -Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.-But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children9. All the _ have three _ each.A. hero, photo B. heroes, photoes C. heroes, photos D. heros, photos10. We raise a lot of _ in our farm.A. sheeps B. ox C. chickens D. deers11. Not all the _ are made of _.A. glasses, glasses B. glass, glass C. glasses, glass D. glass, glasses12. How many _ do you need?A. breads B. piece of bread C. bread D. pieces of bread13. What big _ the tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes14. Please remember to give the horse some tree _.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave15. -Can we have some _? -Yes, please. A. banana B. orange C. apple D. pear16. He gave us _ on how to keep fit.A. an advice B. a advice C. some advices D. some advice17. What _ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a18. Children should make _ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room19. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.A. set B. one C. piece D. pair20. This shop sells apples, bananas. Its a _.A. food shopB. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop21. There are thirty-seven _ in our school.A. men teacher B. men teachers C. man teachers D. man teacher22. These _ have saved many childrens lives.A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor23. Excuse me, where are _ offices?A. teachers B. teachers C. the teachers D. the teachers24. Are they going to have a picnic on _?A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day25. She was given _ to finish the job.A. two hours time B. two hours time C. two-hours time D. two hours time26. Well have a _ holiday. A. seven days B. seven-day C. seven-days D. seven days27. Its not my umbrella. Its _.A. somebody else B. somebody elsesC. somebodys else D. somebodys elses 28. I met with her at _ the other day.A. the barbers B. the barber C. a barber D. the barbers29. _ soccer ball is under the bed.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys30. The post card was sent by _.A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my fathersC. my father friend D. my fathers friends二、根据所给汉语或首字母，写出所缺单词。1. Weve got a lot of _ (字典).2. Science is my favorite _ (学科).3. How many _ (小刀) do you have?4. Mary, can tell me your new _ (地址).5. -Does this piece of _ (音乐) sound nice? -Yes. Its wonderful!6. May 12th is the International _ (护士) Day.7. The 29th Beijing Olympic Games need lots of _ (志愿者).8. -Whats your n_? -Bill.9. Please close the w_. Its cold outside.10. If you want to improve your spoken English, you must pay attention to your p_.11. At the a_ of six, I started school.12. Its only about an h_ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air.13. Everybody must know that h_ is more important to people than money.14. They carried the boy to s_, away from the dangerous fire.15. There is a saying (谚语) that behind every successful man theres a w_.16. John likes m_ who play their own music.17. One husband cant have several w_.18. Yao Ming is a b_ player.19. Its important to know the d_ between English and Chinese. 20. A computer is one of the greatest i_.21. Teachers Day is on _ 10th in China.22. The movie is a great _ (成功)。23. _ is the first day in a week.24. He brushes his _ (牙) in the morning.25. My favorite _ is P. E.附：初一上下册全部名词分类归纳 (斜体字为扩展)学习用语school thingsmap, pen, ruler, pencil, book, eraser, case, pencil case, backpack, pencil sharpener, dictionary, video, tape, video tape, computer, notebook, homework, subject, word, mouse 鼠标, keyboard 键盘, printer 打印机, recorder 录音机, paper 纸衣服clothesjacket, hat, pants, shorts, sock(s), skirt, shirt, T-shirt, sweater, shoe(s), uniform, trousers 裤子, jeans 牛仔裤, blouse 女衬衫颜色colorred, yellow, green, blue, black, white, grey / gray 灰色, pink 粉红, brown 褐色家庭family人peopleboy, girl, friend, mother, mom, father, dad, parent(s), sister, brother, daughter, son, aunt, uncle, cousin, grandmother, grandfather, grandparent(s), kid, partner, pal, pen pal, child, children, sir, madam 体育sports游戏gamebaseball, computer game, soccer, ball, soccer ball, tennis, racket, tennis racket, ping-pong, volleyball, basketball, bat, guitar, drum, piano, trumpet, violin, chess, kung fu, bingo, 职业work/ jobsrunner, star, running star, clerk, student, actor, musician, teacher, assistant, shop assistant, doctor, reporter, , waiter, bank clerk, policeman, policewoman, nurse, thief, police单位地点placeschool, floor, room, club, class, store, hotel, city, world, office, post office, library, restaurant, bank, supermarket, park, street, avenue, bridge, center, front, neighborhood, turn, left, right, market, house, garden, district, way, airport, zoo, south, shop, hospital, station, TV station, police station, direction家具furnituretable, bed, dresser, bookcase, sofa, chair, drawer, desk学科subjectEnglish, math, Chinese, art, music, history, science, P. E. (physical education), biology三餐食物food breakfast, lunch, dinner, dessert, hamburger, French fries, ice cream, salad, egg, chicken, meat, noodle, beef, mutton, special, drink, juice, dumpling, porridge, tea, green tea, rice, soup, fish, cake 蛋糕, steamed bun 馒头, wine 酒水果fruitorange, banana, strawberry, pear, apple, peach 桃, watermelon 西瓜, honeydew melon 哈密瓜, cherry 樱桃, grape 葡萄, mango 芒果, lychee 荔枝, plum 李子, apricot杏, pineapple 菠萝, pomelo柚子, tangerine橘子, coconut 椰子, lemon 柠檬, fig无花果, kiwi fruit 猕猴桃蔬菜vege-tabletomato, broccoli, carrot, grass, leaf, cabbage, potato, onion, ginger 姜, garlic 蒜, sweet potato 红薯, cucumber 黄瓜, pumpkin 南瓜, bean 芸豆, beansprout 豆芽, Chinese leaves / bok choy 大白菜, cauliflower 花菜, lettuce 莴苣, 生菜, pepper 辣椒, egg plant 茄子, mushroom 蘑菇身体部位tooth (teeth), hair, head, eye, ear, nose, mouth, face, neck, arm, hand, finger, heart, liver, lung, chest, back, waist, leg, foot (feet)动物dog, koala, tiger, elephant, dolphin, panda, lion, penguin, giraffe, cat, bird, bee, rabbit, lion, cow, hen, cock, chick, duck, horse, sheep, pig语言languageEnglish, Chinese, Japanese, French, German, Russian, S