翻译土工格栅.docx

In 2000, he founded NewGrids Ltd to build a global market using the geogrid technology and today the company is involved in the manufacturing, development and testing of geogrids and global distribution. Nigel has written many published papers on geogrids.2000，他创立newgrids公司使用土工格栅技术和今天的公司是从事制造业建立一个全球市场，与土工格栅和全球分布的测试开发。奈吉尔写了许多论文对格栅。What are Geogrids?Geogrids are geosynthetic material made from polymers such as polypropylene,polyethylene or polyester and are used widely in Civil Engineering applications to provide tensile reinforcement of soil.They are in the form of open grids so that soil can strike through the apertures and the two materials interlock together to give composite behaviour. They are used in the construction of retaining walls, steep slopes, roadway bases and foundations.土工格栅是什么？土工格栅是由聚合物如聚丙烯土工合成材料，聚乙烯或聚酯和广泛应用在土木工程中的应用提供了土的抗拉钢筋。他们在开放网格的形式使土壤可以通过孔和两种材料的联锁在一起，给复合行为。它们被用在挡土墙施工，陡峭的山坡，巷道基地和基础。What functions can a Geogrid perform?The primary function a geogrid will perform is reinforcement. Depending on the application under consideration either a uniaxial (strength in one direction) or biaxial (strength in all directions) geogrid will be required.一种土工格栅完成哪些功能？主要功能是加固土工格栅将执行。根据考虑单轴下的应用（在一个方向上强度）或双向（在所有方向上强度）土工格栅将被要求。Why use a Geogrid?The correct use of a geogrid can offer many benefits to a scheme such as increasing the speed of construction, and/or reducing the quantity of soil that needs to be exported from / imported to a site. Common uses of geogrids include increasing the amount of usable land on a site by enabling construction of steep green slopes or walls, enabling construction of a road over poor ground conditions or decreasing the thickness of fill required to construct a road.为什么使用土工格栅？一个土工格栅的正确使用可以对方案如提高施工速度提供了许多好处，和/或降低土壤需要量是从/进口出口网站。土工格栅的常见用途包括增加可用的土地数量在网站上通过使陡峭的绿色山坡或墙施工，使公路建设在地面条件差或减小厚度填写需建立道路。How are Geogrids manufactured and does this make a difference?Currently there are three categories of geogrids available:土工格栅和如何制造的吗？目前有三类土工格栅可用：The first, and original, geogrids are commonly referred to as punched and drawn geogrids. A sheet of either HDPE or Polypropylene has holes punched into it in a regular pattern and the sheet is then drawn or stretched into the finished product.第一，和“原始”，土工格栅通常被称为“穿孔和绘制的土工格栅。一张是高密度聚乙烯或聚丙烯孔冲压成在一个固定的模式和表是那么的“拉”或“拉伸”到成品。The drawing is done under controlled conditions of temperature and strain rates to avoid fracture whilst allowing ductile flow of the molecular chains. This operation aligns the molecular chains in the direction of drawing to convert low-strength polymer into high-strength grids.绘画是受控条件下的温度和应变率对避免骨折同时允许分子链韧性流下。此操作将分子链的方向图转换为高强度的低强度的聚合物网格。The second category of geogrids is coated yarn types. They are, in fact, technical textiles in the form of grids and use bundles of fibres (most commonly Polyester) as the reinforcing component that are then coated to provide protection during installation and in service. The grid structure is formed by knitting or intertwining the transverse and longitudinal bundles of fibres.第二类是土工格栅的包覆纱的类型。他们是，事实上，在网格和纤维束的形式使用技术纺织品（最常见的聚酯）为增强体，然后涂在安装过程中，在服务提供保护。网格结构是由编织或缠绕的横向和纵向的纤维束形成。The third category of geogrids is made by laser or ultrasonically welding together polyester or polypropylene rods or straps (as used in packaging / shipping) in a grid like pattern.土工格栅的第三类是由激光或超声波焊接在一起的聚酯或聚丙烯棒或条带（如用于包装/运输）在网格状图案。Does the method of manufacture make a difference?Yes. The different methods of manufacture create products that look and feel quite different.It therefore follows that the different forms of geogrid will work with the soil to perform the reinforcing function in differing ways.并制造方法有什么不同吗？是的。制造创造产品的外观和感觉完全不同的方法不同。因此，土工格栅的不同形式与土壤，以不同的方式起加强作用的工作。There have been numerous studies into the performance of geogrids. These have concluded that whilst there are a number of mechanisms which enable a geogrid to function, the principal and most effective mechanism is lateral restraint or confinement of the compacted fill that is interlocked within the grid.The best type of geogrid for mobilising this mechanism is a punched and drawn geogrid such as EGRID geogrid.已经有大量的研究，为土工格栅的性能。这些都表明，虽然有一些机制，使土工格栅的功能，主要的和最有效的机制是侧向约束或限制的压实填土，交错网格内。调动这一机制的土工格栅的最佳类型的穿孔和绘制的土工格栅如egrid土工格栅。How are Geogrids specified?Geogrids will either be uniaxaial or biaxial and can be specified either by a number of performance properties (e.g. tensile strength, junction efficiency), or trade name and grade (e.g. EGRID 3030). 土工格栅是如何规定？土工格栅将uniaxaial或双轴可指定由多个性能（如拉伸强度，结效率），或贸易名称和等级（例如egrid3030）。What are the key properties to ensure that a geogrid is fit for purpose?The key attributes to consider in selecting a geogrid are the height and thickness of the rib, the aperture area, the tensile loads at 2%strain, the junction efficiency, the open area percentage, the carbon black content, the quality of the raw material used, whether the product has a CE Mark with full traceability, and whether it has been manufactured under a certifiedISO 9001 system.为了保证土工格栅是符合用途的关键特征是什么？在选择考虑的关键属性是土工格栅加筋的高度和厚度，孔的面积，在2%的拉伸应变，连接效率，开放面积百分比，炭黑含量，所用的原材料的质量，产品是否具有充分的可追溯性CE标记，以及是否这是一个certifiediso9001系统下生产的。Does the apertures hape make a difference?No. For 25 years geogrids were constructed with square or rectangular apertures, however, since 2007 Geogrids with triangular apertures have been available.没有孔HAPE有所作为？不，25年土工格栅与方形或矩形孔，构建了然而，自从2007土工格栅三角形孔已可用。The introduction of a new aperture shape was purely a commercial decisionby the manufacturer concerned. No data has been published to show superior performance of the triangular grid.一种新的孔径形状的引入纯粹是一个商业决策的有关企业。没有数据已经公布出三角网格，性能优越。Does the aperture size make a difference? Yes. The geogrid needs to be designed to optimise the key physical attributes listed previously essentially to get the best possible mix of the key attributes from a finite sheet of polymer. One of these key attributes is aperture size.是孔径大小有差别吗？是的。土工格栅需要设计优化关键的物理属性上市之前基本上得到从有限的片聚合物的关键属性的最佳组合。其中的一个关键属性是孔径大小。For example, to ensure the best possible mechanical interlock with the soil particles BOSTD offer two different aperture sizes in their EGRID geogrid range standard and large aperture. Standard aperture EGRID geogrid is used where the average particle size is a maximum of approximately 30-40mm. Beyond this the large aperture EGrid products should be used.例如，以确保尽可能最佳的力学与土颗粒在egrid土工格栅旭域范围的标准和大孔径提供两种不同孔径的联锁。标准孔egrid土工格栅是用在平均粒径为最多约30。除此之外，大口径egrid产品应用。Does the rib height make a difference?Yes. The prime mechanism for reinforcing the soil is mechanical interlock which is achieved by the soil particles pushing against the vertical face of the ribs. A higher rib is therefore better as it provides a larger surface to effectively transfer the stresses from the soil to the geogrid.EGRID geogrids have been designed to optimise the rib height. Lesser quality geogrids will have shallower ribs and may not state this parameter on their data sheets to conceal this inferiority.的肋的高度会不同吗？是的。加强土壤的主要机制是机械联锁是由土壤颗粒推筋垂直面达到。高筋因此它能够有效地传递应力从土中的土工格栅提供了一个更大的表面。egrid土工格栅被设计来优化肋高度。质量较低的土工格栅将有浅筋不得状态参数的数据表来掩盖自卑。Does the rib width make a difference?Yes. The width of a geogrid rib is a key factor in the ability of the geogrid to adequately survive the not insignificant stresses when the granular material is spread over the geogrid and then mechanically compacted. A narrower rib will clearly be more susceptible to installation damage thereby rendering the geogrid less able to perform its function during the service life.有肋宽有所作为？是的。土工格栅加筋的宽度是一个关键因素对土工格栅的能力得到充分的生存不是微不足道的压力时，颗粒分布在土工格栅和机械压实。一个较窄的肋骨显然会更容易安装损伤从而使土工格栅能少的使用寿命期间执行其功能。Is the junction efficiency important?Yes. Junction efficiency is a measure of the strength of the node compared to the strength of the rib (expressed as a %). Both the rib strength and the junction strength are important since the soil particles will impart load against the transverse ribs which will then be transmitted to the longitudinal ribs through the junctions and vice versa.是连接效率的重要？是的。结效率比肋的强度测量节点的强度（表示为一%）。两肋强度和连接强度是重要的由于土壤颗粒冲击载荷与横向肋然后将其发送到纵肋通过路口，反之亦然。What is tensile strength? Tensile strength is measured by clamping a sample of product and pulling it in opposing directions. The strength is then recorded in kN/m either at break (Ultimate Tensile Strength) or at varying elongations. Certain applications may require strengths to be reported prior to the product breaking. In particular, for the low strain conditions in road construction, the load measured at 2% strain is a good indicator of performance potential.抗拉强度是什么？抗拉强度是通过夹持一种产品的样品和拉它在相反的方向测量。强度并记录在kN / m在突破（极限拉伸强度）或在不同的伸长率。某些应用程序可能需要的优势被报告给产品打破之前。特别是，在公路建设中的低应变条件下，负载测量在2%应变性能潜力的一个很好的指标。What is elongation?Elongation is a measure of how much a sample of product has stretched from its original length when it is loaded. This is recorded as a % increase (strain).Elongation values will vary widely between different geogrids and can be an important factor in selecting the correct product. Are all Geogrid tests standardised? The principal test methods for comparing geogrids are standardised. These include tensile strength, creep tests, junction efficiency and physical dimensions.延伸率是什么？伸长率是衡量多少样品的产品已经从原来的长度，当它被加载。这是记录为一%的增长（株）。伸长值之间的差别很大，不同的土工格栅和可以在选择正确的产品的一个重要因素。都是土工格栅试验标准？对土工格栅的主要试验方法标准化。这些包括拉伸强度，蠕变试验，结效率和物理尺寸。随着结效率测试异常，这是美国ASTM测试，用于在欧洲市场的产品测试方法应EN ISO试验。With the exception of the Junction Efficiency test, which is a USA ASTM test, the test methodologies for products used in the European market should be EN ISO tests.Is the Geogrid weight important?Whilst the weight of a geogrid will have an impact on the various mechanical properties of a particular geogrid, it does not itself provide values that can be used in a design or for checking quality. Generally, lower quality geogrids will have higher weight for a given strength than higher quality products.土工格栅的重量是重要的？而一个土工格栅的重量都会对一个特定的土工格栅的各种力学性能的影响，它本身不提供值，可用于设计或质量检查。一般来说，低质量的土工格栅将有更高的权重对于一个给定的强度比更高质量的产品。Should I use a Geogrid manufactured from recycled material?No. A product made (or part made) from recycled material will not provide the optimum parameters for a given application and will therefore be less efficient. The variable quality of post-consumer re-cycle material prevents the manufacture of high strength materials with uniform molecular alignment.我应该使用一个由回收材料制造的土工格栅？第一个产品（或部分）从回收的材料将不提供一个给定的应用程序的最佳参数将是低效的。消费后重新循环材料的变质量防止均匀分子排列的高强度材料的制造。Which type and grade of Geogrid should I use for my project?If the geogrid is to be used in a uniaxial application then factors such as height of slope, surcharge loads, and soil parameters will be relevant to establish the correct product.用我的项目，我