人教版选修八Unit 4 Pygmalion grammar学案.docx

unit 4 pygmalion grammar学案grammar: 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾关系”或在逻辑上构成“系表结构”。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。 一、过去分词担任状语时的语法功能1. 原因状语caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。frightened by the noise in the night，the girl didnt dare sleep in her room 被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。2. 时间状语asked why he did it，the monitor said it was his duty当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。approached in the dark the bulbs looked lonely and purposeless在黑暗走近时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。3. 条件状语和假设状语grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 given better attention，the accident could have been avoided要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。4. 方式或伴随状语surrounded by his students，the professor sat there cheerfully那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。he stood there silently，moved to tears他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。5. 让步状语beaten by the police，sent to jail，gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。defeated again，we did not lose heart尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。6. 分词的独立结构(1)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则，分词必须有自己的主语，这种带主语 的分词被称为分词的独立结构，或叫独立主格，在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。如果主语和动词是被 动关系，就要用过去分词；如果是主动关系，则用现在分词。the project finished，they had a two weeks leave. 完成那个计划后，他们休两周假。weather permitting，we will go out for a picnic. 天气允许的话，我们要出去野餐。(2)独立结构有时也可以用“with/without名词(或代词的宾格)分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。其中with/without可 以省略。they sat there silently，(with) their eyes fixed on the lake. 他们静静地坐在那里，眼睛看着湖面。(3)有一些表达方式是固定的，其分词短语的主语可以与主句的主语不一致。judging from previous experience，he will be late. 根据以往的经验来看，他得迟到。considering hes only just started，he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他只是刚刚开始，他对此的了解已经不少了。二、与状语从句的相互转换1. 过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when，while或after等引导的状语从句。seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful when it is seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful 从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。2. 作条件状语，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。given more time，she would certainly have done much better if she had been given more time，she would certainly have done much better 如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。3. 作原因状语，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。the children，exhausted，fell asleep at once as the children were exhausted they fell asleep at once 由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。4. 作让步状语，可转换为although，though或even if等引导的状语从句。although exhausted by the climb，we continued our journey although we were exhausted by the climb，we continued our journey 我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。5. 作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。he began to cry as if bitten by a snake he began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake 他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。6. 作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。aunt wu came in，followed by her daughter aunt wu came in，and(she)was followed by her daughter 吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。【知识拓展】1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在“逻辑”方面的差异：过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。given more attention，the trees could have grown better如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在“时间”方面的差异：过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动”动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。written in a hurry，this article was not so good！因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。having been discussed several times，the decision was finally made进行了几次讨论之后，终于作出了决定。3. 部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。lost/absorbed in deep thought，he didnt hear the sound因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。 faced with difficulties，we must try to overcome them在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。4. 过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when，if，while，though，even if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是“主语be的相应变化形式”，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。when given a medical examination，you should keep calm当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。although exhausted by the climb，he continued his journey他虽然爬得很累，但他仍继续前进。5. 分词(短语) 作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。the signal given，the bus started信号一发出，汽车就开动了。the football match(being) over，crowds of people poured out into the street足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。6. 不定式与分词担任状语的差异：（1）不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。to make himself heard，he raised his voice为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。he hurried home，only to find his money stolen他匆忙赶到家中，结果却发现钱被盗了。all of us are surprised to see his rapid progress他的进步，我们都很吃惊。（2）分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。seen from the top of the hill，the town is beautiful从山上看，这座城镇很美。defeated，he remained a popular boxer虽然被击败了，但他仍然是一位受欢迎的拳击手。the guests entered the office，accompanied by the manager客人们在经理的陪同下进了办公室。1.（2016北京）_ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.a. ordering b. to orderc. having ordered d. ordered2.（2015重庆） in the poorest area of glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.a.being raisedb.raisingc.raisedd.to raise3. （2015天津） in painting, john didnt notice evening approaching.a.to absorbb.to be absorbedc.absorbedd.absorbing4.（2014湖南）children，when _ by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.a. to be accompaniedb. to accompanyc.accompanying d. accompanied5.（2013安徽） _in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.ato found bfounding cfounded dhaving founded用恰当的形式填空1at the routine office meeting，the headmaster insisted that the problems_(refer) to be paid special attention to2almost_(freeze)，the old man could not get off the ground3this problem was not important，_(compare) to others she faced4_(exhaust) by the running，they went on running after the robber5_(laugh) at by many people，he continued his study6she returned to the shop the following morning _ (dress) in a woolen coat，with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other7_(satisfy) with her reply，telemachus first set out for the island of the cyclops to seek news of odysseus8_(hesitate) whether to leave or not，the man stayed where he was9_(warn) many times，they became more careful in doing the job10_(seize) the letter from the boy，maggie ran away at once用过去分词改写下列从句1if these seeds are grown in rich soil，they can grow fast_2because he was caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet_3as the bike is used for a long time，it needs repairing_4the little girl will be blind in both eyes unless she is treated on time_5the teacher entered the classroom，and he was followed by a group of students_句型转换1. asked to stop，the excited speaker kept talking at the meeting_ _ _ asked to stop，the excited speaker kept talking at the meeting2. i wont go to the evening party， even if i am invitedi wont go to the evening party，_ _ _3. after we spent all the money，we started looking for jobsall the money _，we started looking for jobs4. caught in a heavy rain，he was wet to the skin_ _ _ caught in a heavy rain，he was wet to the skin5. when he was asked why he did it，he said it was his duty_ why he did it，he said it was his duty6. because she was frightened，she asked me to go with her._，she asked me to go with her.7. when he was asked to answer the question，the boy cried._ _ _ _ _，the boy cried.8. he stood there silently，and he was moved to tears.he stood there silently，_ _ _.9. though they had been warned of the storm，the farmers were still working in the fields._ _ _ _ _，the farmers were still working in the fields.10even if im invited，i wont take part in the party. _ _ _，i wont take part in the party. 单项填空1. he usually spends his spare time in his own room, watching movies.a.lockingb.being lockedc.lockedd.to be locked2. _in front of a counter, the two girls describe how they became friends two years ago.a.seatingb.having seatedc.seatedd.to be seated3. wayne rooney, a famous football player, regretted being too careless to score the goal, that the same mistake would not be repeated.a.determiningb.having determinedc.to determined.determined4. qing dao, on the coast of the yellow sea,is an important port of china.a.situatedb.situatingc.to be situatedd.being situated5. _a choice between arts and science, the little girl didnt know what to do.a.facing withb.faced withc.to face withd.face6. i recommend the government real cine for urban planning since it is cheaper and practical, the way most urban planning is done today.a.uses; compared tob.use; compared withc.use; comparing tod.uses; comparing with7. _ that the belt and road initiative will benefit chinas economy, we are optimistic _ _ the future of the country.a.convincing ; forb.convinced ; of c.convincing; aboutd.convinced; about8. _with the passengers on the missing plane, their families were sitting in front of the television all day and all night, _anxiously for the latest news.a.concerned; waitingb.concerning; waitingc.concerned; waitedd.concerning; waited9. he couldnt continue to live such a poor life, so he left home, _ not to come back if he couldnt get rich.a.determiningb.determinedc.determined.being determined10. when _in the police office, he declared that his intention had never been to get himself _in the crime.a.questioning; involvingb.questioned; involvingc.questioned; involvedd.questioning; involvedk真题1. d【解析】句意：(因为)那些书是一周多之前订的，现在随时有可能送到。books和order是动宾关系，即order books/books are ordered，故用过去分词表示被动和完成，在此相当于原因状语从句because they were ordered.，故选d。4. d【解析】句中的逻辑主语为children，与accompany之间为被动意义上的关系，故用过去分词作状语。句意：当有父母陪伴的时候，孩子们是允许进入体育馆的。故d正确。5. c【解析】found与逻辑主语the school之间是被动关系，且已经完成，故用其过去分词形式作时间状语。解答非谓语动词的相关题时，先确定其逻辑主语，判断两者之间是主动关系还是被动关系，主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。k好题用恰当的形式填空1referred2frozen3compared4exhausted5laughed6dressed7satisfied8hesitating9having been warned10having seized用过去分词改写下列从句1grown/if grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast2caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet3used for a long time，the bike needs repairing4unless treated on time，the little girl will be blind in both eyes5followed by a group of students，the teacher entered t