英语专业语法 -ed participle.doc

Lecture 3 -ed ParticipleI. Grammatical forms P 3691. Without conj or subject 2. With conj. When, though/although, as if/ as though, if, even if, once, unless, until + V-ed3. With its own subject II. Grammatical functions 1 pre-modifier Vt-ed ; Vi-ed1) Vt-ed (1) Vt-ed: a passive meaning or a sense of completion. -ing: an active meaning or a sense of incompletion. Compare:frozen food a freezing winda bored traveler a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken language a speaking birda recorded talk a recording machinea closed shop the closing hourwritten language writing paper(2) un-Vt-ed or adverb-Vt-ed eg: uninvited guests a badly-built house untold sufferings far-fetched reasons unheard-of stories newly-born children an undetermined boundary half-baked ideas an unedited story highly-developed industry an unexpected happening a properly-started engine 2) Vi-ed (1) the sense of completion but no passive meaning retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired., risen , returned, vanished, grown , eg.a retired teacher an expired leasean escaped prisoner the risen suna faded flower a returned studenta withered flower the vanished treasurefallen leaves a grown man注：Vt-ed: sense of completion or/ and passive meaning Vi-ed: sense of completion and active meaning E.g. :a full-blown rose, the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.(2) Adverb-Vi-ed For instance, “* a behaved boy” or”*a traveled businessman”, “a well-behaved boy” or “a widely - traveled businessman” .2. Post-modifier P370 相当于一个缩略的关系分句3. Complement mostly Vt-ed. E.g.The glass is broken. / He was amused. / She seemed quite disappointed. / He is greatly discouraged by her refusal of inviting her to the party. / The window remains locked. 已经形容词化了的-ED分词大都作表/补语,常见的有:accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, deserted, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, exhausted, excited, experienced, fadded, fascinated, frightened, hurt, inexperienced, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unqualified, unkown, upset, worried, wounded等.Adjectival -ed participles can generally function either as complements or as pre-modifiers, except for some relics of Old English.1) Old English ed participles P253 eg: A bounden duty is a duty one is bound to do. A drunken man is one who has got drunk. A lighted candle is one that has been lit. Wood that has rotted is rot ten wood. 2) Verbs admitting of -ed participle as Oc. (1) verbs of perception and verbs denoting mental state such as see, hear, feel, find, think, etc, eg. I saw the students assembled in the hall. Everybody thought the battle lost.On his return from his college, he found the house .A deserting B deserted C desert D to be deserted (2) causative verbs such as make, get, have, keep, etc, eg. Dont get your schedule changed; stay with us in this class. Peter had his gas and electricity turned on when he moved into his new apartment last month. He kept his mouth shut and stayed where he was. I have my hair cut every two weeks. Please keep us informed of the latest developments.Commercial banks make most of their income_ from interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds. A earn B earned C to earn D was earned Note that the verb “have” has three different meanings in the following contexts. We had the problem solved. She had her arm broken in an accident. I have not any money left.(3) verbs denoting hope, expectation, order, such as like, want, wish, order, etc, eg. I dont want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.The viewers wish the serial film (to be) continued.4. Adverbial P3701) Condition _ _under a microscope,a fresh snowflake has a delicate sixpointed shape. A Seen B. Sees C.To see D. To seeGiven enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.2) Reason Encouraged by his mother, .John studied art in Florence.Angered by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room. Written in great haste, . the books is full of errors.Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming. 3) Accompanying circumstances Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, lost completely to the outside world.With all his followers dead, the commander was taken by his enemy.III. -ing participle c.f. -ed participle1. Form:在表现形式上,-ING分词有一般式和完成式与主动式和被动式之分;而-ED分词只有一种形式2. Meaning -ING分词表示主动的意义,而-ED分词则表示被动的意义;-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作3. Grammatical function在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同, 但语法功用上有所区别1） 作表语时,-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much. The play is more exciting than any I haveever seen. That piece of land lay deserted. 2） 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况 Battling both people and objects in his movies,W. C. Fields was always at war with the world, .Having been served lunch, .the committee members discussed the problem Noted primarily for her anthropological research,Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.Considered one of the leading poets in America today, .A a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia SanchezB Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and playsC a number of Sonia Sanchezs books and plays have been writtenD there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez 3）作定语时 ,-ING分词表示正在进行的动作,而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前;-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态,而-ED分词则没有时间性;-ING分词表示主动,而-ED分词表示被动He is the man giving you the money.(= who gave you)He is the man stopped by the car.( = who was