上外英语专业八级阅卷总结.doc

上外英语专业八级阅卷总结2010年3月23日4月1日，全国英语专业八级阅卷工作在上海外国语大学进行。今年全国参考考生共计189000余人，参加阅卷工作老师共220位，分听写、改错、英译汉、汉译英和写作几个组。首次采用计算机阅卷。我院教师向洪全参加了其中的“英译汉”部分阅卷，并特别就这一方面所发现的经验得失与老师和同学们分享。一、英译汉评分标准总体评分标准包括两项：“译文忠实性”与“语言适切性”。按满分10分为比例，“译文忠实性”计7分：极差0-1分，不合格2-3分，合格4-5分，良好5-6分，优秀6-7分；“语言适切性”计3分：极差0分，合格1分，良好2分，优秀3分。具体言之：优秀：能基本进行词语的正确翻译（突破英语原文词语的表层含义，实现指称、语境、语体、搭配等多方面意义的对等）；有较强的翻译转移意识能在不改变原意的基础上进行恰当的翻译转移（能对译句进行深层次的组构，译句能符合汉语句子的信息架构和重量特点）；语言流畅，用词恰当，符合汉语规范。良好：能一定地进行词语的正确翻译（突破英语原文词语的表层含义，实现指称、语境、语体、搭配等多方面意义的对等）；偶尔能体现出翻译转移意识在不改变原意的基础上进行一定的翻译转移（如对译句进行深层次的组构，译句能符合汉语句子的信息架构和重量特点）；语言较为流畅，用词较为恰当，符合汉语规范。合格：尚能进行词语的翻译，但多局限于指称意义的翻译，在语境、语体、搭配等意义的对等上有明显不足；句义尚且忠实，但缺乏翻译转移意识，基本不能在不改变原意的基础上进行恰当的翻译转移；语言尚流畅，部分用词不恰当，出现汉语病句。不合格：基本不能进行词语的翻译，意思偏离严重；没有翻译转移意识，机械式的对应严重，或对原文意思进行篡改，或有明显遗漏；语言别扭，用词不妥，有较多汉语病句。极差：不能进行词语的翻译，没有翻译转移意识，完全局限于机械式的对应，或对原文意识进行明显篡改，或有大量遗漏；有相当多的汉语语言失误。二、英译汉答卷常见问题（说明：因是为帮助读者了解考生翻译中存在的常见问题，以自我警觉，尽量少犯同样错误或提前思考应对之策，故下面不谈优点，只列缺点或不足。）1、全文理解偏颇。该文段实际上是描写的一梦境片段，除其梦幻般的文辞外，有好几处都有明确标识。不过也许选文确实有些难度，几乎少有考生真正读明白。不过还好，这对翻译不构成大碍，顶多扣一些分数，只要整体翻译尚可。2、文体风格偏颇。全语篇以追忆梦境入笔，以缅怀思念逝去的孩子收束，是痛定之后的沉郁。其情静澹而深切，其文多彩而沉稳。除相当的考生译笔苍白，更有考生凭空添加诸如“巧的是”或感叹词“噢”等，严重扭曲原文情感基调。3、词语不认识。其中既有普通词汇亦有专有名词。普通词汇如cottage、exalt、solemnize、valley、interspace、meadow、lawn、hedge、tranquilly、cattle、repose等；专有名词如Easter、Alpine等。前者表现出部分考生英语词汇量之不足，后者则不仅是词汇量的问题，也是文化知识缺失的问题。4、词语理解跳脱语境。单是“Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation”一句，其中“right”、“lay”、“command”、“situation”理解就千奇百异。5、句子语法逻辑解析不明。如“there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns”，正常归属关系应是“of meadows and forest lawns”是限定“interspace”的，而“between them”是嵌入状语。英语作为一种形合语言，一句之中，各部分间关系处处有法可依，也有有形标识可寻。但从试卷译文来看，解析不清，理解不准确的相当普遍。6、翻译再生能力或经验不足。从语言学层面讲，翻译是英汉差异的认知、把握和转换处理的过程。这就需要增减词、转性转态、或拆或合、调整语序等技巧。从文化层面讲，则涉及或归化或异化的策略问题。而从文学角度看，则是一个如何运用译入语或曰目的语结构、辞章、意象等，综合考量源语所传递内容和表达方式而予以再创造与重写，以尽量求得等同效果。从试卷看，好些考生这样的翻译意识显得很不够。7、漏译。漏译一般有三种可能，一是有地方不理解，故意略去；二是虽然理解，但汉语译文里不知如何处理，故意略去；三是粗心，检查时也不够仔细。8、粗心致错。最明显的莫过于开篇第一句“I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May”不止一位考生将“Sunday”译为“星期六”、“星期五”什么的，“May”一词也有错译。相信这更多是考生紧张粗心所致，而非真的不认识如此常用的词语。9、胡编滥造冒充翻译。有考生英语理解力或翻译能力大概是太差，于是乎洋洋洒洒自言自语“创作”。有的是干脆写了自己学习英语的感想，并向阅卷老师问好，说感谢耐心看其废话。10、答错位置。有个别学生翻译答错位置。本人阅英译汉部分，估计遇到不下十份汉译英卷子。好在阅卷场专门有处理这类试卷的机制，以免误给这些考生0分。11、时间安排不当导致未译完。阅卷时也遇到过如此情况，前面部分都翻译很不错，但未到结尾，译文戛然而止，连句号都没来得及打。遇到这样的译文，不能不说是一大遗憾。12、购买答案及抄袭。阅卷过程中，每天都会遇到一些雷同卷，估计多半是网上购得答案。结果自然是以作弊卷论处。13、中文水平见差。好些译文仅得其意，文采几乎全无。有的被原文牵制，或因某些理解偏颇而更致牵强，随便一读也知道国人没这样说话的。中文灵动、简短的句法，习惯的重心、语序，整饬的格结构等，被英文静态化的语言和繁复的文法拖累得遍体鳞伤。这一方面可归咎于不懂得翻译之道再创造而非被动模仿，但更主要原因则可能在于，外语学生中文功夫普遍欠缺。这是我们大多学外语的同学的致命伤外遇不见得学好，母语亦落了个惨不忍睹。这也许不该归咎于学生个人，而应问一问我们外语教育如何改进。末了，提几点建议给学习外语的小同胞们，一、多读原典，提升英文理解力；二、双语比较，掌握英汉语言差异；三、勤加练习，熟练运用各种翻译技巧和策略；四、多读中文作品，夯实汉语语言文化基础；五做人务求诚信。另外是关于八级考试翻译建议，首先保证原文理解正确，英译汉避免理解错误的硬伤（如果是汉译英，宁可语句简单，尽量少犯语法错误）。【附录】1、英译汉原文I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May, that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning. I was standing at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized by the power of dreams. There were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hedges were rich with white roses; and no living creature was to be seen, except that in the green church-yard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the graves, and particularly round about the grave of a child, whom I had tenderly loved, just as I had really seen them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died. （作者Thomas De Quincey，节选自Confessions of an English Opium Eater，1821。选作考题时略有修改。）2、未修改原文I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May, that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning. I was standing, as it seemed to me, at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized by the power of dreams. there were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hedges were rich with white roses; and no living creature was to be seen excepting that in the green churchyard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the verdant graves, and particularly round about the grave of a child whom I had tenderly loved, just as I had really beheld them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died. 3、杨自伍译文我想起来了，那是五月间一个礼拜天的清晨，那一天是复活节星期日，一大早天才蒙蒙亮。恍恍惚惚之中，我站在自家小屋的门口。就在我的面前展现出了那么一番景色，从我那个位置其实能够尽收眼底，