包装数粒机控制系统文献翻译.doc

文献翻译（2009届本科） 学 院：工程学院 专 业：机械设计制造及其自动化 班 级：05机制（3）班 姓 名：余爽 学 号：0522301 指导教师：吴燕翔2009年6月包装数粒机控制系统PLC 可编程逻辑控制器（PLC），是一个具有内置的操作系统的小型计算机（ OS ） 。 这个操作系统具有高度专业化，用以处理传入的实时事件，即实时处理。PLC会在传感器输入线路连接时反馈到部件（如温度高于/低于某一水平，达到液位等），它的输出线路对于传入事件的任何动作都会产生信号（例如，启动引擎，打开/关闭阀门等），用户可对该系统进行编程。编程语言被称为“梯形图”或“逻辑功能图语言” 。这种编程语言相当于早期的逻辑控制，在继电器控制的基础上，进行模拟。 PLC的应用 PLC主要用于对机器的控制。在输入条件和内部程序的基础上为PLC的开启和关闭编写一个程序。在这方面， PLC相当于计算机。然而， PLC被设计成进行一次编程，并被认定需要多次运行。事实上，一个灵活的程序不但可以使PLC控制简单的装置，如车库门开启，而且可以控制他们的整个房子，包括灯在某个时候的开关，自定义监测一个内置安全系统等。 通常情况，在工业环境中，每台机器都装有PLC。在没有人为干预的情况下，PLC可以使机器自动运行几年。它被设计为（有发展前景的）稳定的操作系统，并且PLC能够在最恶劣的环境下工作。 PLC的历史当第一个电子机器控制器设计出来的时候，采用继电器控制机器逻辑（例：按“开始”来启动机器，然后按下“停止”停止机器）。一个基本的机器可能需要继电器全面控制其有的功能。这种控制类型有一定限制。 继电器缺点 延迟继电器延时打开/关闭，需要进行继电器的设计/导线/排查。 PLC克服了这些限制，是对机器的控制操作。 发展前景PLC会往智能化的方向发展。在最近几年，PLC已被纳入工业网络。（如：所有PLC在工业环境中已被插入到一个分层组织的基本网络。PLC由控制中心监测。那里存在着多种专业类型的网络。其中一类便是众所周知的SCADA系统（监控与数据采集） 。 PLC运行PLC是一种专门的可编程控制器，它可用于读取数字和控制模拟输入的各种传感器，执行一个用户定义的逻辑程序，并写出所产生的数字和模拟输出值对应各种最终反馈。 扫描周期：不同的制造商之间都有特定的细节，但是大多数的PLC遵循扫描周期格式。 架空：架空包括测试I / O模块的完整性，核实用户程序逻辑没有改变，电脑本身并没有锁定（通过一个定时器） ，以及任何必要的通信。通信可能包括PLC编程接口的流量，远程I / O串口，及其他外部设备，如HMIs （人机界面） 。 输入扫描：在输入卡出现的的数字和模拟值的快照保存到一个输入内存记忆表。逻辑执行：用户程序扫描元素的内容，然后按着直到程序结束，以及由此产生的数值写入输出记忆表。 输出扫描：输出记忆表中的产生的结果数值写入输出模块。一旦完成扫描输出，它自动重复此过程直到PLC关机。 完成扫描周期所花费的时间，正好足够，“扫描周期时间”从数百毫秒（关于老式的PLC ，和/或程序非常复杂的PLC），到扫描周期只有几毫秒的新式PLC ，（和/或PLC的简单代码的短期执行）。 基本指令 注意：不同的PLC制造商有特定的名称和运作细节，往往实施细节演变并代代(PLC)都相传。通常编程最难的部分，就是PLC编程的开始。 正逻辑（多数PLC遵从这个公约） 正确=逻辑1 =输入激活。 错误=逻辑0 =输入不激活。 负逻辑 正确=逻辑1 =输入不激活 虚假=逻辑0 =输入激活 常开 （XIC） -检查是否关闭。 （NSG） -NO-SLASHY-GUY。Brent Nowlin的可编程控制器类及其他。 这一指示是正确的（逻辑1 ）时，当硬件输入（或内部继电器当量）被激活。 常闭 （ XIO ）-检查是否开 （SG） - Slashy -GUY。Brent Nowlin的可编程控制器类及其他。 这一指示是正确的（逻辑1 ）时，当硬件输入（或相当于内部继电器当量）没有被激活。 输出启用 （OTE） -输出启用 这一指示的行动模拟常规继电器线圈。 关于定时器 （TON） -定时器ON。 一般来说，在计时器开始计时当输入（启用）线圈被激活，当重启线在设定点已经达成前发生错误可以重置。如果启用，直到达到设定点然后设定计时器输出，并且保持ON，直到输入（启用）线不用错误。 关闭定时器 （TOF） -定时器关闭。 一般来说，关闭定时器对一个正确或错误的过渡开始计时，并继续计时直到前面的逻辑错误。当所积累的时间等于设定输出点，TOF进行，并保持，知道按到正确了为止。 固位定时器 （RTO） -固位定时器接通。 这种类型的计时器当输入条件错误时不会重置累计计时。相反，在记忆体中，它保持最近累积计时，并且（如果/当输入再次正确的）继续由这一点定时。在Allen-Bradley 设定这个指令正确一旦设定（预设）的时间已经达成，并保持正确，直到复位（复位）指令是真正将其清除。 闭锁继电器 （OTL） -输出锁存。 （OTH） -输出不锁存 。 一般来说， 不锁存操作优先。也就是说，如果不锁存指示继电器输出是错误的，即使锁存指令可能是正确的，也是正确的。在Allen-Bradley 梯形逻辑（和其他）锁存和当继电器是分开操作的时候。然而，其他阶梯方言选择单一操作模仿遥感（重置-设置）触发器集成电路芯片逻辑。 西门子S7 - 200 西门子技术S7 - 200系列小型PLC提供一个完整的产品系统，以迎合各种控制或自动化应用。每个S7 - 200系列的CPU单元是完全独立的，它包括了CPU ，电源和输入/输出点（ I /O ）。S7 - 200系列小型PLC能够进行简单的离散控制或模拟控制，且具有PID和浮点数学能力。对于较大系统，提供额外的I / O，通信或操作界面的要求，可以轻松配置增加扩展模块或操作界面产品的成本效益。 微型可编程控制器，提供最大自动化以降低成本。 大规模集成，节省空间，功能强大。对于简单的控制和对复杂的自动化任务都可以使用。所有的CPU可用于独立模式，网络模式和内部分配结构模式。适用于在可编程控制器无法涉及应用的部分。以优秀的实时性能和强大的通信（生产价格指数， PROFIBUS - DP现场总线， AS接口）。 极其简单的安装，编程和操作。 西门子技术S7 - 200系列是微型可编程逻辑控制器（微型PLC）的一个系列，可控制各种自动化应用。紧凑的设计，成本低，和一个强大的指令集使得S7 - 200系列控制器成为一个完美的解决方案，控制小型应用程序。各种各样的尺寸和电压的CPU ，以及基于Windows的编程工具，适合所需要的灵活性来解决自动化问题。 S7 - 200系列的特点如下： 方便快捷的输入输出 简单操作 实时特性 强大的通信能力 在S7 - 200系列实现其全部性能潜力，分布式自动化解决方案特别是用于综合现场总线的连接。 西门子自动化技术S7 - 200系列的应用领域涵盖了从简单的取代继电器和接触器到更复杂的自动化任务。 S7 - 200系列还包括以前特别电子已经开发的基础。应用领域包括： 石膏和水泥搅拌机 吸油 集中润滑系统/轮缘润滑系统 木工机械 闸门控制 液压升降机 输送系统 食品及饮料业 实验过程用途 通过拨号的调制解调器应用，租用线路，或无线电远程监控（ SCADA系统） 电力装置 机械功能包括： 坚固的，紧凑的塑料外壳使用SIMATIC技术的获奖设计 方便布线和运营的控制和保护显示的内容安装在标准的横向或纵向DIN导轨或直接内置式安装 接线端子永久接线（可选） 设计特点： 按照国际标准设计;生产要求符合德国VDE标准，美国UL标准， CSA和调频标准。 质量管理体系在制造过程中通过了ISO 9001认证;且有数据备份的用户程序和最重要的参数设置存储在内部EEPROM 。重型电容器提供了额外的备份，所有数据的时间较长（通常高达50或190小时） 。可选电池模块确保数据在电源故障之后仍然保存200天（一般情况下）。 S7 - 200系列特点： （1）整的自动化解决方案 在SIMATIC技术S7 - 200系列小型PLC是一个全功能的可编程逻辑控制系统提供独立的处理器，微模块化扩展能力，和操作界面的解决办法。几乎所有的应用程序，需要自动化，从基本的离散或模拟控制，智能网络解决方案，可以利用强大的西门子S7 - 200系列产品受益。 （2）原始设备的价值 无论在哪里中央控制器或昂贵的定制电子控制系统被使用，SIMATIC技术S7 - 200系列提供了一个更加经济的选择。我们的现成的，紧凑的解决方案，提供的功能，并接受世界各地的微型PLC的标准。 （3）实时性和多功能性 SIMATIC技术S7 - 200系列提供了实时控制与Boolean处理速度0.37s每指示。这个快速的执行速度，再加上我们20Khz高速计数器，中断，和20KHz脉冲输出，提供快速反应的要求和实时应用。在S7 - 200系列拥有超过200项指令，包括数学， PID控制，应用于于/下一步循环，子程序，顺序控制，以及更多！ （4）综合通信 所有S7 - 200系列处理器提供至少一个RS485通信端口，速度可达187.5Kbaud 。这不仅提供快速存取的编程和维护，而且还可以让您建立多达31个站点的主/从端口。 非S7 - 200系列设备，如条形码阅读器，智能机等也可连接使用我们的自由点功能。您可以轻松地适应S7 - 200系列CPU的几乎所有系列的ASCII协议。 数粒机 数粒机工作原理 药片或胶囊放在漏斗。振动或滚动里面的产品，使其到达连接的顶部。当产品数量达到设定值时，由具有转移功能的传输带传送到下一个柜台。 数粒机优点 数粒精度高 重复使用性能高 操作简单，产品更换速度快 可定义药片大小 接触部分可移动 数字控制计数调整 遥感232个端口 控制选项 遥感232个通信/管理信息。 验证支持包 数理机特点 计数范围1至9999 处理多种形状片剂及胶囊 最大片剂直径可达16毫米 可调式振动速度先进的GMP设计 FDA认可的接触部分材料 人体工学设计 单相供电 重量轻且方便移动Tablet Counting Of Packing Machine Control SystemWhat is a PLC?A Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, is more or less a tiny computer with a built-in operating system (OS).This OS is highly specialized to handle incoming events in real time, i.e. at the time of their occurrence. The PLC has input lines where sensors are connected to notify upon events (e.g. temperature above/below a certain level, liquid level reached, etc.), and it has output lines to signal any reaction to the incoming events (e.g. start an engine, open/close a valve, etc.) The system is user programmable. It uses a language called Relay Ladder or Relay Ladder Logic. The name of this language implies the fact that the control logic of the earlier days, which was built from relays, is being simulated.The PLCs purpose in lifeThe PLC is primarily used to control machinery. A program is written for the PLC which turns on and off outputs based on input conditions and the internal program. In this aspect, a PLC is similar to a computer. However, a PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly as needed. In fact, a crafty programmer could use a PLC to control not only simple devices such as a garage door opener, but their whole house, including turning lights on and off at certain times, monitoring a custom built security system, etc.Most commonly, a PLC is found inside of a machine in an industrial environment. A PLC can run an automatic machine for years with little human intervention. They are designed with (hopefully) stable operating systems, and to withstand most harsh environments a PLC will encounter.History of PLCsWhen the first electronic machine controls were designed, they used relays to control the machine logic (i.e. press Start to start the machine and press Stop to stop the machine). A basic machine might need a wall covered in relays to control all of its functions. There are a few limitations to this type of control.Relays fail. The delay when the relay turns on/off. There is an entire wall of relays to design/wire/troubleshoot. A PLC overcomes these limitations ,it is a machine controlled operation.Recent developmentsPLCs are becoming more and more intelligent. In recent years PLCs have been integrated into industrial networks i.e. all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged into a network which is usually hierarchically organized. The PLCs are then supervised by a control center. There exist many proprietary types of networks. One type which is widely known is SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition).Basic ConceptsHow the PLC operatesThe PLC is a purpose-built machine control computer designed to read digital and analog inputs from various sensors, execute a user defined logic program, and write the resulting digital and analog output values to various end effectors.Scan cycleExact details vary between manufacturers, but most PLCs follow a scan-cycle format.Overhead Overhead includes testing I/O module integrity, verifying the user program logic hasnt changed, that the computer itself hasnt locked up (via a watchdog timer), and any necessary communications. Communications may include traffic over the PLC programmer port, remote I/O racks, and other external devices such as HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). Input scan A snapshot of the digital and analog values present at the input cards is saved to an input memory table. Logic execution The user program is scanned element by element, then rung by rung until the end of the program, and resulting values written to an output memory table. Output scan Values from the resulting output memory table are written to the output modules. Once the output scan is complete the process repeats itself until the PLC is powered down.The time it takes to complete a scan cycle is, appropriately enough, the scan cycle time, and ranges from hundreds of milliseconds (on older PLCs, and/or PLCs with very complex programs) to only a few milliseconds on newer PLCs, and/or PLCs executing short, simple code.Basic instructionsBe aware that specific nomenclature and operational details vary widely between PLC manufacturers, and often implementation details evolve from generation to generation.Often the hardest part, especially for a beginning PLC programmer, is practicing the mental ju-jitsu necessary to keep the nomenclature straight from manufacturer to manufacturer.Positive Logic (most PLCs follow this convention) True = logic 1 = input energized. False = logic 0 = input NOT energized. Negative Logic True = logic 1 = input NOT energized False = logic 0 = input energized. Normally Open (XIC) - eXamine If Closed. (NSG) - No-Slashy-Guy. Brent Nowlins PLC Class and others. This instruction is true (logic 1) when the hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is energized. Normally Closed (XIO) - eXamine If Open. (SG) - Slashy-Guy. Brent Nowlins PLC Class and others. This instruction is true (logic 1) when the hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is NOT energized. Output Enable (OTE) - OuTput Enable. This instruction mimics the action of a conventional relay coil. On Timer (TON) - Timer ON. Generally, ON timers begin timing when the input (enable) line goes true, and reset if the enable line goes false before setpoint has been reached. If enabled until setpoint is reached then the timer output goes true, and stays true until the input (enable) line goes false. Off Timer (TOF) - Timer OFf. Generally, OFF timers begin timing on a true-to-false transition, and continue timing as long as the preceding logic remains false. When the accumulated time equals setpoint the TOF output goes on, and stays on until the rung goes true. Retentive Timer (RTO) - Retentive Timer On. This type of timer does NOT reset the accumulated time when the input condition goes false. Rather, it keeps the last accumulated time in memory, and (if/when the input goes true again) continues timing from that point. In the Allen-Bradley construction this instruction goes true once setpoint (preset) time has been reached, and stays true until a RES (RESet) instruction is made true to clear it.Latching Relays (OTL) - OuTput Latch. (OTU) - OuTput Unlatch. Generally, the unlatch operator takes precedence. That is, if the unlatch instruction is true then the relay output is false even though the latch instruction may also be true. In Allen-Bradley ladder logic (and others) latch and unlatch relays are seperate operators.However, other ladder dialects opt for a single operator modeled after RS (Reset-Set) flip-flop integrated circuit chip logic.S7-200PLChe SIMATIC S7-200 Micro PLC system offers a complete range of products to fit most any control or automation application. Each compact S7-200 CPU unit is completely self-contained and includes the CPU, power supply, and input / output points (I/O). The S7-200 Micro PLC is capable of simple discrete control, or analog control with PID and floating-point math capability. Larger systems, with additional I/O, communications, or operator interfaces requirements, can easily be configured by adding expansion modules or cost effective operator interface products. The micro PLC that offers maximum automation at minimum cost Large-scale integration, space-saving, powerful Can be used both for simple controls and for complex automation tasks All CPUs can be used in stand-alone mode, in networks and within distributed structures Suitable for applications where programmable controllers would not have been viable in the past With outstanding real-time performance and powerful communications (PPI, PROFIBUS-DP, AS-Interface) Extremely simple installation, programming and operation The SIMATIC S7-200 series is a line of micro-programmable logic controllers (Micro PLCs) that can control a variety of automation applications. Compact design, low cost, and a powerful instruction set make the S7-200 controllers a perfect solution for controlling small applications. The wide variety of CPU sizes and voltages, and the windows-based programming tool, give you the flexibility you need to solve your automation problems. The S7-200 is characterized by the following: Easy entry Uncomplicated operation Peerless real-time characteristics Powerful communications capabilities The S7-200 achieves its full performance potential in distributed automation solutions thanks especially to the integrated ProFiBus-DP connection. The application area of the SIMATIC S7-200 extends from replacing simple relays and contactors right up to more complex automation tasks. The S7-200 also covers areas where previously special electronics have been developed for cost reasons. Application areas include:Baling processes Plaster & Cement mixers Suction Plants Centralized lubricating systems/flange lubricating systems Woodworking machinery Gate controls Hydraulic lifts Conveyor systems Food & Drink Industry Laboratories Modem applications via dial-up, leased-line, or radio remote monitoring (SCADA) Electrical Installations Mechanical features include: Rugged, compact plastic housing using SIMATICs prize-winning design Easily accessible wiring and operator control and display elements protected by front covers Installs on standard horizontal or vertical DIN rail or direct cabinet mounting with built-in mounting Terminal block as permanent wiring assembly (optional) Design features: International standards; Meets the requirements through compliance with VDE, UL, CSA and FM standards. The quality management system used during manufacturing has ISO 9001 certification; and Data back up; the user program and the most important parameter settings are stored in the internal EEPROM. A heavy-duty capacitor provides additional back up for all data over longer periods (typically up to 50 or 190 hours). An optional battery module ensures that the data remain stored for 200 days (typically) after power failure. Benefits of the S7-200: Complete Automation Solution The SIMATIC S7-200 Micro PLC is a full-featured programmable logic control system offering stand-alone CPUs, micro-modular expansion capability, and operator interface solutions. Almost any application that requires automation, from basic discrete or analog control, to intelligent networked solutions, can benefit by using the powerful S7-200 family of products. Value for OEMs Wherever central controllers or expensive custom electronic control systems are used, the SIMATIC S7-200 offers a significantly more economical alternative. Our off-the-shelf, compact solution, is packed with features, and is accepted around the world as a Micro PLC standard. Real-time Speed & Versatility The SIMATIC S7-200 offers real-time control with Boolean processing speeds o