秦世森外文翻译.doc

外 文 翻 译题 目： 中国的农业革命 沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译中国的农业革命一个国外观点认为，尽管中国农民成了政府优先扶持改革的重点，但是国外的购买者，食品加工厂还是尽可能的从中国农场寻找农产品。走进一家典型的北京超市，西方世界的感觉如今越来越明显。大量的西方产品，有些是进口的，有些是本地产的，还有由本地产的西式食品。在一个最近的农业贸易展览会，买方从世界各地纷纷到达北京下达食品订单。这是因为他们认为中国的食品有供应保障及很大的购买优势。无论一个人对质量怎么看，人们常常感觉中国的农产品缺乏安全保障。在中国，最主要的农产品是，大米，黄豆，小麦，猪肉，除此之外，还有一些令人眼花缭乱的植物。其中有些是本地生的，有些引进于海外。当前，限制中国农业发展的最大因素被认为是技术落后以及限制出口。依照联合国粮农组织（FAO）数据，中国本土猪肉部门在2002年总值为44000000美元，排名世界第一。大米是最简单的也是最重要的商品，其总值在2002达180000000美元。其次的，新鲜的蔬菜，玉米，甜马铃薯和小麦在下一轮的价格谈判中可分别相应的赚取133000000美元，120000000美元，89000000美元。在玉米生产上中国落后于美国，但在大米生产上遥遥领先于印度。是大米最大生产国。根据FAO，中国的大米出口量相当于印度的大米总产量，为一亿二千三百万。中国正在生产大量的高质量食品，但是在国内2/3的人口生活在乡下，务农是最不受欢迎的职业，超过9亿人生活在农村，其中包括5亿务农者，1亿8000万进城务工者。这些劳动者大量地流入到像北京上海这样的沿海的急速发展的城市，因为那里有许多建筑性的工作需要劳动力。伴随着农村劳动力剩余，质量欠佳和技术不足，食品安全和有机作物成为了中国农业界热议的话题。如果中国农民想在高标准的WTO中取得成功，就必须做出引人注目的产品。尽管有干旱和来自WTO其他会员国的竞争，农业部门还是在2002年出现好转。目前本国乡下的巨大市场还没有开发成生产者的天堂，国内需求受到抑制，因为内地的销售方式不灵活，造成城乡收入差距逐渐扩大。农产品出口在2002年创造了一个新的记录，谷类出口上升一个百分点，达到475000000吨，大豆也达到历史最高水平。为16500000吨（出自国家统计局）。这是自1999年来，第一次谷物出口呈现逐年恢复的趋势。这种趋势是否能继续是不确定的，因为种植谷物的土地正因为政府的努力收缩而减少。恶劣的空气和沙漠化使得政府将更多的土地作为林地使用。在成为WTO成员国的第一年，中国总共出口200000吨优质小麦。决策者制订了一个更有韧性的以市场为导向的谷物政策鼓励生产者面对其他国内的，以及国际市场的竞争。然而无论在哪，质量永远是关键。“重组”在农业决策圈已经成为了一个流行用语。近来，“改革”和“重组”已经成为中国媒体最常用的两个词。中国的农业如果想发掘潜能飞跃前进的话，政府的大量资金投入是必不可少的。有人预测中国加入WTO后，估计国内将会有8亿农民受到深刻的影响，戏剧性的是，中国的农业加工业受到的冲击小于其作为WTO成员国的前一年，取而代之的是新的农产品出超记录。为了加入WTO，中国对农产品进行了一次新的改革，目的是达到“农业经营标准化”，这是弥补城乡差距的一次努力。中国将摆着改良技术，提高农产品质量安全的姿态来迎接进入WTO后的挑战。在中国，2/3的人口居住在乡下，但农业总产值和出口值分别只占国内生产总值的16%和4.9%。一般认为，进入世贸的前五年，是中国农业的最困难时期。目前中国的大豆生产依然缺乏效率，生产量和生产标准均不容乐观。今年年初，中国政府正式制定了详细地农产品关税配额，决心在2005年年底之前，关税由2004年的17.5%削减至15.6，以使得那些对北京政府落实世界贸易组织标准的进程不满的向中国输入产品的生产商们满意。在世界贸易组织的规定之下，中国最主要的十种进口农产品将由中国国内市场的需要和再同世界贸易组织谈判的政府所答应的关税配额决定。其中大多为中国最大的贸易竞争者和贸易伙伴所生产：玉米，棉花，橄榄油，油菜籽，米，毛纺织品，大豆油，糖，小麦，和羊毛。中国政府细腻的制订了一个折中计划，使得美国，加拿大和澳洲的输出者感到满意，这十种有关税配额的农产品进口将享受到进口关税小于10%的优惠待遇。如果某种农产品超过配额限定，那么将会对其出口商处于高达70%的罚款。以上规则将会在2005年中国政府与世界贸易组织开始新一轮谈判时期满。Raviprasad Narayanan,一个最近刚到上海社会科学院地访问学者，认为，加入世界贸易市场将会对中国农业产生极大的冲击和挑战，他说，加入世贸后，中国必须向全体会员国开放国内市场，外国厂商将会大量涌入，势必将会对国内市场产生巨大冲击，将会不利于当地农民。他预测：“这将会导致乡下失业逐渐提高，并且会导致因改革而增加收入的沿海城市与缓慢发展的内陆城市之间发展产生不协调，尤其是在西部省份。”和普遍的的看法相反，中国的农产品价格常常高于这种农产品在国际市场上的价格，国内的某些农产品如小麦，大豆，玉米，棉花，食用油，油作物，糖分别高于其在国际市场上的价格从10%到70%不等。尽管肉，蔬菜，水果，海鲜产品的价格比其在国际市场上的价格低40%到70%，但由于质量标准不断提高，外国的农产品如潮水一般涌入国内，耕种收入的增加将会进一步受到限制，学者Narayanan预测，从事像谷物，棉花，油，糖这样的农业生产者的失业数量将会大大增加。在具有成本效益的美国，澳大利亚和欧洲，农产品已经对大量的农民造成了经济的创伤，农民收入呈现下滑的趋势。根据国家统计局给出的数字，从1996至2000年，农产品的物价指数持续下降，五年间几乎下降了23%，这直接使农民减少了多达三百七十亿欧元的利润，甚至可能更多。中国的农业部也承认由于谷物耕地逐渐减少，导致农民收入降低。尽管其输出价格高于国际市场标准的20%至40%。总之，由于国际市场泛滥的输出，中国国内农业收入将会降低，最终使其忽视世界贸易组织的关税规定。同许多西部的发展中国家一样，中国也有自己的区域性问题。在有些西部省份，纯粹的务农收入占到该地区的农民总收入的70%80%，与其他国家相比较平均高出50个百分点。这个贫穷的状况使人民不容易从非农领域中找到合适的工作。不达标的基础设施以及恶劣的交通条件也在增加着成本，制约地区发展.尽管自1998年以来中国政府已经举措减少对经济束缚并刺激消费，但二者均向沿海城市倾斜。 从1997至2000年， 城市居民净收入增加23%，而农场居民小于其一半。虽然有很大的潜能，但中国的农产品贸易依然被另一个同是发展中世界的大贸易区拉丁美洲所牵制。中国的输出品总数小于世界的5%，进口总计只有3%。欧洲的经济学者Eoin Fahy认为,如果中国在2014年前GDP能占到世界GDP的5.5%，那么从2002年中国GDP将以高于8%的速度增长。根据其他发展中国家的经历，农产品将会起到关键作用。如今已有很多大刀阔斧的改革和结构调整被执行，然而，关键在于中国农业是否真正意识到自身的潜力，这将最终决定中国农民是否能够成功。中国的政治倾向于恢复原先的乡下腹地。这些努力对中国经济继续繁荣起到重要作用。在最近举行的北京农业日用品展览会上，人们的赞许和不断签署成功的订单支票给我们这样的提示：是时候将外国买主的狂热转变为有价值的工业创造物了。原文出处:Mark Godfrey Chinas Agricultural Revolution Foreign buyers, food processors seek out Chinese farm produce, while farmers become priority of government reform. A point of view from oversea.3 Chinas Agricultural RevolutionForeign buyers, food processors seek out Chinese farm produce, while farmers become priority of government reform. A point of view from overseas.By Mark Godfrey Walking into a typical Beijing supermarket is becoming more and more of a Western experience. Large quantities of Western products - imported or produced locally - are available, along with Westernised food products produced by local food companies. At a recent agricultural trade fair meanwhile, purchasers came from around the world to Beijing to place orders for Chinese foodstuffs, praising both their quality and affordability. Whatever one may say about quantity, quality has often been perceived to be lacking in Chinas farm produce. The countrys principal agricultural commodities are rice, soy beans, wheat and pig meat. The Chinese also produce a bewildering range of other crops, many of them native to China, others grown from imported seed. However, perhaps the greatest drawback to the prosperity of Chinas farming sector is a lag in technology which has restricted quality and hampered export opportunities. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Chinas indigenous pigmeat sector was worth US$ 44 million in 2002, making it the world leader in this sector. Rice is the single most valuable commodity, however, with the total for 2002 running to US$ 180 million. Fresh vegetables, maize, sweet potatoes and wheat are the next most important agricultural products in value terms, earning 133 million, 124 million, 120 million and US$ 89 million, respectively. China lags behind the USA in maize production but leads India as the worlds biggest producer of rice. According to the FAO, Chinas rice output compares well with Indias 123 million total for the same product. China is producing huge quantities of quality food, but in a country where two-thirds of the population lives in rural areas, farming is the least popular occupation. More than 900 million people live in Chinas rural areas. This includes 500 million rural labourers, 180 million of whom are in search of work. Many of these labourers have flooded to booming cities like Beijing and coastal cities, where construction work is plentiful. Alongside labour surpluses, poor quality and technology shortfalls in its agricultural sector, food safety and organic horticulture have become hot issues in Chinese farming circles. Attractive products are essential if Chinese farmers are to succeed in the tougher commercial world regulated by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Despite drought and the competitive challenges of WTO membership, Chinas agricultural sector managed to turn in a relatively decent year in 2002. But the countrys vast rural market hasnt proved the holy grail for producers which it had promised to be, thus restraining domestic demand. The widening income gap between rural and urban China is probably to blame for sluggish sales in the hinterland. Farm exports hit a record high in 2002, with grain output up by one percent to 475.1 million tonnes and soybean output hitting a historical high of 16.5 million tonnes according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). This was the first time since 1999 that grain output picked up on a year-on-year basis. Its questionable, however, whether the trend can continue. Grain acreage is shrinking partly because of government efforts to reduce the amount of inferior grain strains. Poor air quality and desertification have also seen the government set more farmland aside for afforestation. In its first full year as a member of the WTO, China exported a record 200,000 tonnes of top-grade wheat. Policy makers have allowed a more flexible market-driven grain policy to take hold as producers face up to a much more competitive domestic and global market where quality is key. Restructuring has become a buzzword in agriculture policymaking circles. Indeed reform and restructuring are probably the most used words in the Chinese economic and political press these days. Chinese agriculture needs a massive injection of funds from the central government if the sector is to be able to advance to its full potential. Entry into the WTO was predicted to have a dramatic impact on the countrys estimated 800 million farmers. Chinas agricultural industry has however suffered less impact than expected in its first year as a WTO member, recording instead a sharply growing trade surplus for farm produce. In tandem with its entry into the WTO, China launched a new round of agricultural reforms aimed at the standardisation of agricultural operations. This is an attempt to address a yawning infrastructural gap between urban and rural areas. Technological innovation alongside improved quality and safety of farm products to meet the challenges posed by Chinas entry into the global agriproducts market. About two-thirds of Chinas population lives in rural areas, but agricultural output only makes up 16 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and 4.9 percent of exports. It is predicted that during the first five years after WTO entry, the countrys farming sector will be hit the hardest. Chinese soybean producers remain inefficient, with low yields and sub-standard transportation systems. Earlier this year, the Chinese Government formally disclosed detailed rules on new tariff quotas for agricultural imports, pledging to reduce average import duty to 17.5 percent by 2004 and to 15.6 percent by 2005 from the current average of 21.3 percent. This should reassure importers who have complained at the pace of Beijings implementation of WTO criteria. Under WTO rules, Chinas imports of ten key agricultural products will be decided by the demands of the Chinese market and the tariff quotas promised by Beijing during the negotiations with the WTO. The key products are staples of Chinas biggest competitors and trading partners: maize6, cotton, palm oil, rape seed oil, rice, woollen yarn, soybean oil, sugar, wheat and wool. In a sensitive compromise made to satisfy keen US, Canadian and Australian exporters, the ten key agricultural imports covered by the tariff quota limit will enjoy a favourable tariff of less than 10 percent. If anything in excess of the quota is imported, it will be subject to a punitive 70 percent. These rules will expire by 2005 when WTO agricultural trade rules are to be renegotiated. Joining the global system for farm produce trading will expose Chinese agriculture to huge risks and challenges, according to Raviprasad Narayanan, until recently Visiting Scholar with the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. WTO membership will however also open up the domestic market to competition and huge opportunities for foreign suppliers say Narayanan. It wont be easy for local farmers, he predicts. This is bringing about a rise in unemployment in the rural areas, and theres an increase in income disparities between the regions that have fared well in the reform period as opposed to the interior regions, especially the western provinces that have lagged behind. Contrary to common belief, Chinese farm produce prices are often higher than those on the international market. Domestic prices for wheat, soybean, corn, cotton, edible oil and oil crops, and sugar are 10 to 70 percent higher in China than their international equivalents. Although the prices of meat, vegetables, fruit and seafood products are estimated to be 40 to 80 percent lower than those on the international market, quality standards are sometimes variable. As foreign farm products flood into China, farm incomes will be stunted even further, predicts Narayanan, who sees a rising unemployment rate for farmers relying on primary products like grain, cotton, oil and sugar. Cost-effective American, Australian and European farm products might cause economic traumas for a vast number of domestic farmers, but earnings are already on a downward curve, anyway. The price index of farm products declined from 1996 to 2000, according to figures supplied by the National Bureau of Statistics. The index dropped almost 23 percent during the five years, eating into more than 300 billion yuan (37 billion Euro) of farmers profits. Chinas Ministry of Agriculture has conceded that the growing scarcity of arable land and the slide in the grain price are driving farm incomes down, even though Chinese farm exports on average sell at 20 to 40 percent higher than average international market standards. With output surging internationally, Chinese farm incomes would drop regardless of WTO tariff rules. Similarly to many Western agricultural nations, China also suffers from regionalisation problems. Full-time farming accounts for 70 to 80 percent of the per capita income of farmers in the western provinces, compared to a 50 percent average for the rest of the country. Poor economic prospects in the west of the country mean scant opportunities for farmers seeking jobs outside agriculture. Sub-par infrastructure and transport conditions also add to the costs of farmers in the western regions. Since 1998 the Chinese government has sought to stoke the economy with m