名词及练习题.doc

名 词一名词的意义 从英语语法角度来讲，表示人物、时间、地点、事物或抽象概念的词，我们通常称为名词。例如：teacher，desk，Japanese，milk，physics等。 二名词的种类 英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。 1. 专有名词：表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、 星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等，专有名词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，必须使用the，如：the United States姓氏如果采用复数形式，表示该姓氏一家人，如：the Greens（格林一家人）2. 普通名词：表示某一类人或事物或个抽象概念的名词。例如：worker，boy，machine等。普通名词可分 为以下四类： A. 个体名词(Individual Nouns）：表示个体的人或事物的名词。如：man ，pencil，chair等。 B. 集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。如：class，police，army，family等。 C. 物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。如：rice，glass，water，gas等。 D. 抽象名词（Abstract Nouns)：表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。如：life，love，law, happiness等。 三名词的数 名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）两种。表示可以计算数目的人或物的名词称为可数名词，一般有单数和复数两种形式，个体名词和大多数集体名词一般是可数名词；表示不可以计数的人或事物的名词叫不可数名词，一般不分单数和复数，前面不能用a/an，没有复数形式，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词。初中阶段学过的不可数名词有：news，paper，milk，orange（桔子汁），bread， chalk，truth，water，rice，work，housework，homework，luck，ink，meat，money ，sugar， grass，ice等等，如下图。 名词类 别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim, China, Qingdao, the UK,the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词个体的人或事物的名词girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合名词一群人或一些事物的总称的名词people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可数名词物质名词无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名词状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care四. 名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数两种形式，可数名词的单数形式要在前加 “a或an”；复数形式在名词后加 “-s或-es”。可数名词由单数变为复数形式，其构成方法分为规则和不规则两种。1. 规则变化（可依照下表）当名词为词尾变化读 音例 词一般情况加s清辅音后读/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks浊辅音、元音后读/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh结尾加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o结尾加es/z/tomatoes, potatoes, heroes加szoos，radios , photos, bamboos, pianos，kiloszerozeroszeroes以辅音字母+y结尾去y 变i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries以f或fe结尾加s/z/beliefs，roofs，gulfs，chefs， proofs去f或fe 变v 加 es/vz/leaves，wives，halves，knives，thieves，loaves均可handkerchiefs / handkerchieves注意：在中学英语范围内，要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下词，妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives;追得贼狼满街跑, thief-thieves; wolf-wolves碰倒架子丧己命, shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives手帕树叶半空飘. leaf-leaves half-halves 2. 不规则变化A. 单复数同形，如：deer，sheep，fish，people，Chinese， Japanese，Portuguese，Swiss，aircraftB. 改变单数名词中的元音字母 如： manmen ，womanwomen，footfeet， toothteeth，goosegeeseC. 含有man，woman的复合名词的变化与 man, woman 的变化形式相同，但是 human，German不是合成词，其复数要按一般规则变化如：EnglishmanEnglishmen，policewomanpolicewomen，Frenchwoman Frenchwomen D. 由man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式需要前后同时变化如：men workers，women teachers，gentlemen officialsE. 其他变化，如：childchildren ，mousemice，oxoxenF. 有些词只有复数形式 某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。如：trousers，glasses，clothes等。若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双)；suit(套)等，如：a pair of glasses，two pairs of trousers某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。如：arms，clothes，goods，stairs等。G. 除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如: a dollar, two dollars; a yuan, two yuanH. 以s结尾仍为单数的名词，包括以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数如：maths，politics，physics等学科名词，The Arabian Nights等，谓语动词用三单3. 集合名词的单复数：集合名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people，police，cattle 等本身就是复数4. 不可数名词没有单复数之分，如：news，information，advice，furniture等 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下: A表示不定数量时，一般用much，（a）little，a lot oflots of，some， any等词修饰 B表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”，即twothree+量词复数十of+不可数 名词，如：a glass of water，a piece of advice，two pieces of paper5. 有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同，如下：food食物foods各种食物 time时间times时代 green绿色greens青菜 fish鱼fishes鱼的种类 sand沙sands沙滩 tea茶a tea一杯茶 chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡 paper纸a paper试卷、论文 wood木头a wood小森林orange橘汁an orange橘子 cloth布a cloth桌布、抹布 room空间、余地a room房间glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜 fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒 补充：不同国家的人的单复数，见下表。 名称总称(谓语用复数）一个人两个人中国人 the Chinese a Chinesetwo Chinese日本人the Japanese a Japanesetwo Japanese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans加拿大人the Canadians a Canadiantwo Canadians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans五可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语1. 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these, those, few, a few, many, a great many等2. 修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有much, little, a little等3. 有些修饰语即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如allsomeenougha lot oflots of等4. 一般不可数名词不可以用数目来计数，若要计数，要借助单位词，如piecebottlepair等。piece其意为“张”“块”“条”等pair主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对”，或有两半合成的“一条”“一副”等注：“a piecepair+名词”之类的结构作主语是，其谓语通常与“piecepair”的数保持一致。六. 名词所有格 1. 名词格的种类有三个格，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同。名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系，相当于屋主代词，分为-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。2. -s 所有格有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系、所属关系、动作执行者、动作承受者等意义，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。如：Where is the teachers office？中的teachers。 名词词尾 变化 举例一般词直接在词尾 +sMr. Motts robot 单数名词词尾加 s the boys bag复数名词词尾没有s加 s mens room，childrens books 复数名词词尾有-s加 the workers struggle，girls school不能加 s的名词名词+of +名词the title of the song复合名词或短语s加在最后一个词尾a month or twos rest-s所有格的用法：A. 主要用于有生命的人或物，有些表时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词后也可以加s来构成所 有格，如：todays paper，two hours rest，Americas policy B. 在表示店铺、教堂或某人家时，名词所有格可以表示地点，如：the barbers 理发店C. and连接的并列名词的所有格分两种情况，分别带有 -s表示“分别有”；若一个 s表示“两者共 有”，如：Jims and Jacks rooms（两间），Jim and Jacks room（一间） D. 用所有格表示节日的方法Teachers Day（教师节） Childrens Day（儿童节）Mothers Day（父亲节） Fathers Day（母亲节）2. of所有格A. 表示无生命的东西的名词或不能加s的名词，通常都采用“of名词”的结构表示所有关系。如：the gate of the school，the windows of that houseB. 名词较长或其定语较长时，有生命的事物也可用of短语表示所有关系。如：the story of Mr. Smith，the dog of the eight-year-old girlC. 表示有生命的和无生命的名词，一般都可用介词of短语来表示所有关心，有些情况下，of所有格有时可以与-s所有格互换如：the boys name=the name of the boy（男孩的名字） the dogs legs=the legs of the dog（狗的腿） Chinas population=the population Of China（中国的人口） Chinas capital=the capital of China（中国的首都）D. 表示同位关系时，通常只用of所有格，如：the city of Beijing3. 双重所有格（of +名词所有格/名词性物主代词）同时使用s 和of的所有格，如：a friend of his, the big nose of Toms七. 名词的用法 1. 用作主语，要求谓语动词必须在人称和数两方面和其主语一致，如：One day，a little monkey was playing in a tree by the river 2. 作表语，如：The largest city of China is Shanghai 3. 作宾语，如：The students love their teachers 4. 作宾语补足语，如：They choose the boy monitor 5. 作同位语，如：We are waiting for Miss Yan，the English teacher 6. 作定语，如：The school gate was built last year 八. 部分词义辨析1、sport、game、match、race sport常指“户外运动”，以锻炼为主，概念较大，如：People all around the world enjoy sports.game意思是“运动、比赛”，不管户内户外还是脑力体力，指以胜负为主的运动如：The 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing.match意为“竞赛、比赛”，多指正式比赛，如：Our team won the league match.race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”，如： They were strong and won the boat race.2、festival、holiday、vacationfestival“节日”，指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动，如：the Spring Festivalholiday(假日、休息日)，指法定假日或风俗习惯，复数可以表示一个较长的假期， 如：What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays? vacation“假期”，指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息 如：Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work. 3、journey、tour、trip、travel journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行，不知终点，含有辛苦的意思 如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang. tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行，强调游览多处，常用来指观光等 如：He has gone on a walking tour. trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等，如：He took several trips to Shanghai. travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行，尤其指到国外，没有明确目的地，也作不可数名词，多指旅行这一 行为，如：Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?4、sound、noise、voice sound指各种声音，如：All of a sudden there was the sound of shots. noise主要指“噪音”，如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night. voice指人的“嗓音”如： The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 5、fish的问题 指许多条鱼且不管种类时，用fish，单复数相同 fishes 指许多种类的鱼，如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词，如：I prefer fish to meat.6question指“需要回答的问题” problem指“需要解决的问题”、“难题”，常至社会问题，比如说污染问题7between指“在（两者）之间” among指“在（三者以上）之间”，也可指在三者以上诸物体的“两者之间”8too和also用于肯定句和疑问句， too多用于句尾，also多用于句中，即用在动词be、助动词之后，实义动词之前 either主要用于否定句。 9lend意为“借（出）”，常连to borrow意为“借（入）”，常连from 10. say强调“说”的内容，如：What did he say at the meeting？ speak意为“说”某种语言，“发言、演讲” talk意为“谈论、交谈”，强调“说”的连续性，如：They talked until it got dark tell意为“告诉”，强调“叙述、讲述”，多带双宾语，如：tell sb. sth. 11look强调“看”的动作 see强调“看”的结果，即“看见” read则指“看书（报纸）”，即“阅读”12interesting意为“（物）有趣的”；interested指“（人）感兴趣的” 13have to意为“必须、不得不”，强调客观需要 must意为“必须、应该”，强调主观愿望 14whether 和if这两个词都可做“是否”讲，引导宾语从句，但在“whether or not” 结构中，一般用whether，不用 if15cross意思与across相近，都是“横越、穿过”，但cross是动词 along是“沿着”之意，可以说along the street，along the river 16work作“工作”讲，是不可数名词 job侧重于“职业”，是可数名词 17. person 与people 都有“人” 的意思，“一个人”用 a person，“两个人”用 two persons people 泛指 “人们”，是集合名词，表示复数 the people 指“人民”， a people指“一个民族”九.专项练习I写出下列名词的复数形式。 1bag _ 2orange _ 3family _ 4wish _ 5leaf _ 6knife _ 7key _ 8baby _9tooth _ 10foot _ 11woman _ 12sheep _ 13Indian _ 14Japanese _ 15potato _ 16radio_ 17child _ 18fish _ 19Frenchman _ 20man doctor _II.将下列短语译成英语。（名词所有格的用法）1.吉姆的自行车 _ 2王叔叔的自行车 _ 3.教师节 _ 4.吉姆和凯特的父亲 _ 5.我父亲的一个朋友 _ 6.五分钟的路程 _ 7.儿童节 _ 8.中国地图 _ 9.床头 _ 10.今天的作业 _ 11.孩子们的故事书 _ 12.在我姑姑家 _ 13.在医务室 _ 14.几年的时间 _ 15.我姐姐的朋友的书 _ III.选择填空。 1The day before yesterday she told me _ news Aa good Bsuch a good Cso good a Da piece of good 2I wont go there with you，for I have a lot of _ to do Aworks Bjob Cwork Dworking 3 _ will conquer（征服）nature AThe man BA man CThe men DMan 4Li Lei is a friend of _ AI sister Bmy sisters Cme sister Dmy sister of 5Have you read _ ？ Atodays Btoday paper Cthe todays paper Dtodays paper 6There are lots of _in the basket on the table Atomatos Btomato Ctomatoss Dtomatoes 7Whose _ are these？ Aphoto Bphotoes Cphotos Dphotoss 8The cat caught two _ last night Amouses Bmice Cmouse Dmices 9There are many _ on the hill Asheeps Bsheep Csheepes Dsheeps 10There are six _ and fifteen _ in this w workshop Amans womans Bmen women Cmen womans Dman women 11. The children had _ in the park. A. good times B. good time C. the good time D. a good time12. I am busy with my work these days. I dont get _. A. many sleep B. much sleep C. more sleep D. most sleep13. This is an interesting _. A. news B. information C. work D. job14. Her parents are _. A. English B. America C. Frenchman D. two English15. Room 110 on the second floor is the _ office. I know some of them. A. doctors B. doctors C. doctors D. doctorss16. The room is _. They are brothers. A. Tom and Mikes B. Toms and Mikes C. Toms and Mike D. Tom and Mike17. The box is made of a kind of hard _. A. wooden B. wood C. woods D. word18. Can you see some _ on the hill? A. sheeps and deers B. sheeps and deer C. sheep and deers D. sheep and deer19. How many _ shall we pay for the special service? A. money B. yuans C. dollars D. pound20. I have many friends here. Lily is _. A. mine friend B. a friend of my C. one of my D. one of them21. - Would you like some _? - Thank you, but I am not hungry. A. breads B. cakes C. oranges D. orange juice22. Dont make any _, the boy is sleeping. A. voice B. noise C. music D. laugh23. She was born in Xiangfan, but now she works in Taiyuan. So we cannot say Taiyuan is her _. A. hometown B. second home C. family D. house24. Is this your _ for making so many mistakes? A. idea B. mind C. excuse D. result25. There are few _ for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on your way home? A. meat B. eggs C. fruit D. vegetables26. - Would you like some _? - Oh, yes, just a little please. A. pears B. apples C. bananas D. milk27. - Can you finish the work in a week? - No _. A. problem B. matter C. trouble D. question28. Is there a little _ left for me? A. room B. place C. ground D. house29. The sign “_!” is often seen on the box. A. NO PHOTOS B. NO SMOKING C. BUSINESS HOURS D. THIS SIDE UP30. Help yourselves to some _, children. A. fish B. fishes C. a piece of fish D. a fish31. - Here is the _, please. - Oh. Fried meat with some green peppers and two eggs. A. bill B. list C. book D. menu32. _ is used to eat soup. A. Knife B. Fork C. Spoon D. Chopsticks33. - Whats the _ like today? - Its sunny. A. climate B. weather C. sky D. space34. Two thirds are _ in our school. A. woman teachers B. women teachers C. woman doctor D. women doctors35. Its _ walk from my home to our school. A. two minutes B. two minutes C. two minutes D. two-minutes36. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories37. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges38. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 39. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and applesB. chickens and apple C. chicken and appleD. chicken and apples40. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers41. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room42. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and PeterD. Marys and Peters43. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 44. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiencesB. much experience C. an experienceD. a lot experience45. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters46. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 47.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be48. “Would you like _?” “_, please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees49. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions50Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost. A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life51. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers a