时态语态一般现在时.doc

一 一般现在时基本用法主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.考点一：客观真理，客观存在，科学事实，格言或警句如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。如：Columbus proved that the earth is round.I learned that pride goes before a fall when I was in primary school. 骄者必败。考点二：表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。注意：在此用法中，句中通常有具体的时间状语。 Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你值班吗？.He starts next week.他下个星期出发。The train starts at 10 oclock in the morning.火车将在早上10点开出。考点三：一般现在时代替一般将来时在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。make sure /certain（弄清楚/确信）, see to it（确信）, care（介意）, matter（要紧）take care(注意，当心)，be careful(注意，当心)，mind(介意)，watch(注意) 等宾语从句，从句中通常也只用一般现在时表示将来意义。Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。We must take care that no one sees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们。Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来。Be careful that you dont hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情。Watch that the baby doesnt go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器。在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get.It will be一段时间 before 一般现在时It will be two hours before he comes back.用于by the time后当主句为将来时态时，与之相关的by the time后接的从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。By the time he comes, I will have left. 等他到时，我会已离开了。By the time we get to the cinema，the film will have started我们到电影院时电影会已经开始了。倒装句，表示动作正在进行。Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.二 现在进行时 am/is/are+Ving基本用法：表示现在正在发生或正在进行的动作，不指状态。We are having English class.The students are planting the trees on the mountain.(1997NMET，16)-Is this raincoat yours？-No，mine _there behind the door.A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung (2000春京皖)A new cinema _here. They hope to finish it next month.A. will be built B. is built C. been built D. is being built考点一：目前一段时间内正在进行的活动说话是不一定正在进行Jane often watches TV twice a week，but this month she is watching TV every night.Apples are costing more these days.(2005湖南，32)Since I won the big prize，my telephone hasnt stopped ringing，people _to ask how I am going to spend the money.A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning考点二:表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等表示频繁、反复出现的习惯性动作）。The little boy is always making trouble. Little Tom is throwing things about all the time，which makes his mother angry.Some people are constantly complaining.(2004湖南)Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _advertisements showing happy families.A .will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen考点三:表示即将发生的动作。一般指在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。表示这种动作的动词有：come，go，leave，start，arrive等，并常与表示将来的状语连用。They are leaving a few days later.Were meeting him after the performance.She is coming to help us on Sunday. (2005浙江，12)-Are you still busy？-Yes. I _my work，and it wont take long.A. just finish B. am just finishingC. have just finished D. am just going to finish(2006福建，24)Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seatbelts. The plane_.A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off考点四:表示行动或状态的过程。人和事物的变化已经开始，但变化还在进行过程中，并未最后完成。表示这一类动词有go，become，get，grow，fall，turn，die，begin，drown等。如：The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.Her hair is becoming grey.Mr. Smith is beginning to regret what he has done before.People are dying in that part of the world.(2001NMET)Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change考点五:在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.*不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。三 现在完成时 主语+have/has +过去分词基本用法1已完成用法(影响性用法)。该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成，并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。如：I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.) He has left the city. (含义是：他不在这个城市)Someone has broken the window. （含义是：窗户仍破着)2未完成用法(持续性用法)。如：该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作并未在过去完成，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。如：Have you waited long? 你等了很久吗？We have been busy this afternoon. 今天下午我们一直很忙。The temperature has stayed hot this week. 这星期天气一直很热。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：for + 一段时间；since + 时间点 ；lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, in /for/ during the past/last years(如 in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries)Has it stopped raining yet ?They have lived in Beijing since 1995.They have lived in Beijing for five years.注意：有时有for时间段不用现在完成时He worked in that company for ten years, but now he is a lawyer.考点一：It/This/That is will be the first time that表示“第几次做某事，”或 “It/This is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.考点二：对于某些表示状态的动词(如 is/seem 等)，或因语义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适。如：It seems like/is years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了考点三：在表示时间或条件的状语从句中用现在完成时表示未来完成的动作。You may go swimming if you have done your homework before nine oclock.如果你在九点以前做完功课,你可以去游泳。考点四：瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与how long, for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如：buy-have, keep-borrow, die-be dead, marry-be married, begin-be on, begin to know-know等。终止动词的否定式可与for或since引导的表示一段时间的副词短语或状语从句连用。I havent seen her for five years.我五年没见到她了。考点五：have(has) been to与have(has) gone to的比较。Have you been to Hong Kong? 你去过香港吗?（现在已不在香港。）He has gone to Hong Kong.他已去香港了。（他现在已不在本地。）四 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing基本用法1. 表示从过去某时开始一直延续到说话时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去的动作。它通常和“for+段时间”或“since+点时间(也可以是从句)”的时间状语连用。例如：I have been waiting for a letter from my parents.我一直在等我父母的来信。It has been raining for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。We have been studying here since 2004. 自从2004年以来，我们一直在这里学习。2. 表示从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时刻，可能刚刚结束的动作。例如：She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired. 她一整天都在扫大街。她太累了。We have been waiting for you for two hours. We dont want to wait any longer. 我们已经等你两个小时了。不想再等了。五 一般过去时 基本用法：表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作或存在的状态，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。Would do 过去经常做，现在做 不做不知道。be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up early.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 考点三： It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 It is time you went to bed. 你该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在，和现在没关系。 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在有影响或动作从过去延续到现在还有可能延续下去，和现在有关系。Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)六 过去进行时 was/were doing基本用法: 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作或该动作与过去的另一动作同时发生。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.What were you doing at nine last night?The radio was being repaired when you called me.考点：过去进行时可用来描绘事情发生的背景。即：过去某时A动作正在进行，B动作在A 动作进行的过程中发生了，A动作就是B动作发生的背景。如：He hurt his leg when he was playing basketball.“把腿弄伤”发生在“打篮球”的过程中，“打篮球”就是“弄伤腿”的背景。解题思路关键词：背景动作用进行时，事件动作用过去时1. (07北京）It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.Oh, dont mention it. I _ past your house anyway.A. was comingB. will come C. had come D. have come2. (06安徽) I _ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident Awent; was occurring Bwent; occurredCwas going; occurred Dwas going; had occurred3. (06北京) Where did you put the car keys? Oh, I _ I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I _ in.A. remembered; come B. remembered; was comingC. remember; come D. remember; was coming一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果；如：She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）七 过去完成时 had +过去分词表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.考点四：would rather/wish 后的虚拟语气The film was boring. Id rather I hadnt gone to see it.考点五：by+过去时间状语用过去完成时By the time we got there, the train had left.八 一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。ABCDbe going to 表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人说话人说话之前已考虑过的 主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事 不能用于含有条件句的主句中 will 表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”说话人说话时刻才考虑到的表示客观规律必然发生的可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”be to表示安排、计划要做的事与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话表示命令，相当于should / must表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”be about to表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“be about to.when”结构；Its going to rain.-Have you watered the flower?-Oh, I forgot it, but I will.Worse was to come.考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句或名词短语 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算计划要做的事或根据判断将要发生的事。 九 将来进行时 will be doing 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.十、将来完成时 will have done表在将来某时刻之前已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.语态1.动词sell, write, read, open, lock, shut, wear, wash, keep, cook, cut, burn, run等与well, smoothly, easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。2.表示状态特征的连系动词如smell, taste, feel, sound, look, prove等用主动语态表示被动意义；3.不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：come up, run out, give out, go out, come out, come to light, belong to, break out, lose heart, die out, own, have, possess, happen, occur come true, consist of, take place, become, rise, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed等；4.当want, require, need作“需要”解，后接doing/ to be done作宾语，此时动词do与主语为动宾关系；5.be worth后接doing作宾语，用主动形式表示被动意义；6.不定式to let（出租）, to blame（该受责备）表示被动意义；7.在“主语+be+形容词（for sb.）+to do”结构中，to do用主动形式；The box is heavy to carry.8.在“主语+谓语+宾语（名词）+动词不定式to do（作定语修饰前面的名词，且为动宾关系；主语与to do为主谓关系时，此动词不定式用主动形式；如：I have a meeting to attend.9.一些常用经典被动句型：It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed， It is expected, It is estimated,It was believed, It was thought练习：1.-I took a photo of you just now.-Really? I _ with attention.A. didnt look B. wasnt looking C. am not looking D. havent looked2.-You havent said a word about my new hair-style. What do you think of it?-Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty.A. dont say B. wasnt saying C. didnt say D. havent said3.-Can I help you, Madam?-No, thanks. I _.A. have just looked around B. just look aroundC. am just looking around D. just looked around4.-That famous cherry trees _ because of pollution.-Yes, we have to do something to save it.A. has died B. had died C. is dead D. is dying5.She ought to stop reading; she has a headache because she _ too long.A. had read B. read C. is reading D. has been reading6.-Youre talking too much.-Only at home. No one _ me but you.A. is hearing B. had heard C. hears D. heard7.-What have you been doing? I asked you a question. Why didnt you answer?-Sorry, I _ to the news on the radio.A. listened B. have listened C. was listening D. had listened8.-You should have told him the date earlier.-I_, but he forgot about it.A. did B. have C. had D. should have9.-You could have asked Tom for help, for he is good at physics.-Really? Oh, a whole night _. Why didnt you tell me earlier?A. is wasted B. was wasted C. had wasted D. has wasted10.The thief tried to