Issue翻译+提纲.pdf

GRE ISSUE TOPICS 1 Issue Topics 说明 1 我的分类是对在网上流行的分类题库做了一些小修改 1 尽可能把相近的题目放在一起 所以题号不一样按顺序排列 2 另外 我删除多次重复的题号 3 国际类 International 的两道题 我做了移动 NO 11 大学题 移至 Education Education to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all 我们通过直接经验学习 没有通过实践而接受一个理论是学不到任何东西的 提纲 提纲 1 Books contain knowledge which comes from many people s direct experience and transcends the limitation of personal experience 2 But only reading books is not enough A person must convert the knowledge in the books to a part of his inner wisdom 3 Moreover the knowledge in the books has to be tested in the practice Nobel prize 只是授予已经验证的理论只是授予已经验证的理论 很多理论可能是错很多理论可能是错误的 伪科学 误的 伪科学 学习游泳 学习游泳 军事理论 军事理论 albert einstein big bang neptune 1846 Study from Contradiction 3 1 We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning 我们通常从与我们意见一致的人那里学到的东西比从与我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多 意见分歧产生压力并阻碍 GRE ISSUE TOPICS 2 了学习 122 We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed but to people who have disagreed 几乎所有的知识都归功于和我们意见不同的人 而并非和我们意见一致的人 4 No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study 任何领域要取得重大进展 都需要外领域者的知识和经验 提纲 1 only disagree can break through the present knowledge and make an innovative discovery or invention the quantom theory against the Isaac Newton s three famous laws of the motion 爱因斯坦和波尔关于相对论的争论 2 knowledge and experience from outsiders can often lead to new cross disciplines which plays more and more crucial roles in our quotidian lives new ideas often burst in debate and discussion especialy in interrelated subjects 物理学和数学 mathematics 美学 aesthetics 哲学 philosophy 在某种程度上的一致性 量子力学 newton 在各个方面都很突出 aristotle 貌似也是 好句子 disagreement and critics reveals other perspective make us to think more thoroughly and lead to a sagacious decision sometiems with the knowlege and expereience beyond one s specified studies he may ahcieve greater advancement otherwise his study may encounter difficulties and even be impeded knowlege and experience from outsiders can provide different aspects of thinking and may lead to inspiration creation and new discoveries cooperation and objection both benefit us and one gains much from disagreement rather than agreement Curriculum 12 38 In the age of television reading books is not as important as it once was People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books 05 57 06 3 在电视机时代 阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了 人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少 155 Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important 当代社会提供了很多学习的途径 读书这种学习方式已经不是很重要了 提纲 1 admittedly other media like networks tv pc are playing more and more important roles vivid and intuitionistic direct and immediate 2 reading books is still the efficient way to teach the systematic and profound conceptions such as philosophy 3 2 need no energy and do no harm to eyes 1 cheap and portable 好句子 besides reading book still has its own merits 39 The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree 05 8 06 1 大学学习的好处被过高估计 大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年 会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多 5 A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的国内课程 而不是允许不同地区的学校决定自己的教学课程 80 All students should be required to take courses in the sciences even if they have no interest in science 05 12 06 0 所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程 尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣 106 All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects 学生们应该被要求至少学习一种道德规范课程 即使这样会影响学术课程的学习 51 Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs GRE ISSUE TOPICS 3 and interests of each student 05 90 06 7 只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣 教育才真正的有意义 90 College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market 应该鼓励大学学生学习他们感兴趣的课程 而不是学习好找工作的课程 214 Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability Otherwise these talents are likely to remain undeveloped 05 17 06 4 社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和能力的孩子 并在小时候就训练他们 这样他们最终能在此领域表现出众 否则这些 潜能可能得不到发展 94 Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student s field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated 大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程 因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的最佳方式 67 Colleges should require students to engage in public service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced well rounded education 学院应该要求学生们参加公益活动 这样就能保证学生们得到全面平衡的教育 98 Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music film advertising and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past 大学和学院应该在流行音乐 电影 广告和电视上开设更多的课程 因为现代文化比过去文艺和学生更密切 158 The arts music dance visual arts etc are vitally important to students education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics science reading and other mainstream subjects 艺术 音乐 舞蹈 视觉艺术等 对学生的教育非常重要的 因此它们应该得到和数学 科学 阅读以及其他主流课程 一样的重视 Limitations of Marks 06 4 人们用太多的精力来模仿他人 人们应该学会独立思考和行动 而不要照搬别人的东西 这样才能做出最适合他们的选 择 74 The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images not language 05 26 06 2 和一大群人交流想法或者价值观的最有效方式是图像而非语言 153 Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively 05 24 06 1 无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问 学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接受 教育问题之学而好 问 164 Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes 想象力有时比经验更有价值 缺乏实际经验的人对可能性有更自由的想象空间 所以能够不受固有的习惯和思维的限制 来完成任务 177 The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world After studying the discipline we see the same world as before but with different eyes 05 38 06 0 GRE ISSUE TOPICS 4 对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法 在学习这门学科之后 我们看到的世界一如既往 但是我们本身的角度 和眼光已然不同 知识对于人类的影响 179 What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge but certainty Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything 人类真正希望获取的不是知识 而是确定性 获取真正的知识需要冒险 并且要有开放的心灵 但是大多数人更喜欢确 定感 而不是去了解事物复杂的 甚至是使人不安的真相 183 As we acquire more knowledge things do not become more comprehensible but more complex and more mysterious 05 18 06 2 随着我们获取的知识越来越多 事情不是变得更好理解 而是变得更复杂更神秘 184 It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data 05 17 06 1 在没有证据之前就得出理论 是重大错误 205 As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information the effects on life long learning can only be positive 全世界的人有越来越多的途径来获取新信息 这对终身学习只会有积极的推动作用 229 The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segment s or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole 学习新学科或技能的最佳方式是深入研究小片断或细节 而不是一开始就试图获取整体的认识 233 Although innovations such as video computers and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students these technologies all too often distract from real learning 尽管技术创新 如录像机 计算机以及因特网看似改善了学校的教学方式 但这些技术时常分散真实的学习 239 Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate Thus any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future 许多人们认为 真实 的信息结果是不准确的 因此 对任何被称为 事实 的信息都应该此怀疑态度 因为很有可能它将 来被证实是虚假的 No 2 Education Purpose of Education 14 40 Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society It is more important that they pursue their individual interests however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem 05 11 06 0 我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会做出贡献 更重要的是关注他们如何追求实现自己的兴趣 无论那 些兴趣显得是多么的非同寻常 少数和多数之科学家 50 In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach 05 30 06 10 为了提高大学的教学质量 所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作 53 College and university education should be free for all students fully financed by the government 大学教育应该对所有学生免费 全部由政府来承担 102 For better or worse education is a process that involves revising the ideas beliefs and values people held in the past 不论好坏 教育改变了人们以前的想法 信念和价值观 104 It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears 一种文化要想保留它认为好的思想 消除它认为不好的思想 主要是通过正规的教育 112 Some educational systems emphasize the development of students capacity for reasoning and logical thinking but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions 一些教育机构强调培养学生的推理和逻辑思考能力 但是如果也教会学生认知自我的情感 学生们将受益更多 128 It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit In reality however formal GRE ISSUE TOPICS 5 education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free 人们经常说教育的目的是释放人们的心灵 但实际上 正规的教育却倾向于束缚而非释放了人们的心灵 130 How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society Unfortunately we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society 05 48 06 6 孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运 遗憾的是 我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益 134 Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs 必须鼓励学生们意识到 机智和修辞技巧必须以真诚和真正的信仰为基础 191 Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers 教育应该把这两件事看得同等重要 丰富学生的个人生活 把学生培养成生产者 201 The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system a standard a set of ideas not to prepare them for a specific job 教育的目的应是给学生提供一个价值系统 标准以及一系列理念 而不是使他们为某一特定工作做好准备 213 Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others In fact the ability to compromise and work with others that is the ability to achieve social harmony should be a major goal in every school 学校太强调教学生怎么质疑他人的主张 实际上 培养折衷和与他人合作的能力 也就是促进社会和谐的能力应该被作 为每个学校的主要目标 222 Learning for learning s sake is an outdated concept Today education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals 为了学习而学习已经是过时的理念 现在的教育必须是面向未来并且有明确的目标 232 The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment t hat is separate from the outside world This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns 教育的目的应该是建立一个与世隔离的学术环境 这种环境是很理想的 因为这样学生们就可以不被日常事务牵扯精力 而专注地研究重要问题 Education 06 4 所有的国家应共同建立一所全球性大学 用来培养学生们解决世界的最顽固的社会问题 47 Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect that is on reasoning and other cognitive skills 05 47 06 4 社会对于智力还是重视不够 比如推理和认知的能力 52 Education encourages students to question and criticize and therefore does little to promote social harmony 教育鼓励学生们提问和批评 这样不利于社会的和谐 78 Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars cultural clashes and other forms of conflict 学校应该教给学生所有人类之间本质的互通性 这样就能有助于消除战争 文化抵触和其他形式的冲突 154 Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators 05 50 06 1 家长和社会都应该参与到当地的学校中来 教育太重要了 不能只靠专业教育者 223 Education is primarily a personal matter it has little to do with school or college 教育主要是个人的事情 与学校或者大学基本没有关系 Educational Methods 2 228 The best way to teach whether as an educator employer or parent is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones 最佳教育方式 不管是作为一个教育工作者 雇主还是父母 都是表扬积极的行为 忽略负面的行为 GRE ISSUE TOPICS 6 230 College students and people in general prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions Therefore colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction 大学生 还有普通人 都更喜欢跟从指导 而不是做出自己的决定 因此 大学应该尽可能让学生少做选择 给学生提 供明确的方向 No 3 Behaviors Goals 3 118 In any field of endeavor the sciences the humanities the social sciences industry etc it is not the attainment of a goal that matters but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal 在任何领域如科学 人文 社会科学 工业等 我们最大的收获在于达成目标的道路上的经验和发现 而不是获取目标 本身 126 Society s external rewards are no measure of true success True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself 社会所给予的外部奖励不是成功的真正衡量标准 真正的成功只能通过自己所设立的目标来衡量 212 If a goal is worthy then any means taken to attain it is justifiable 05 26 06 4 如果一个目标是值得的 那么追求目标的任何手段都是正当的 Characteristics 06 6 大多数人只意识到个性化的益处 但实际上个人的经济成功需要一致性 198 Instead of encouraging conformity society should show greater appreciation of individual differences 社会应该赞赏个性差异 而不是鼓励一致统一 238 Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy 一致性几乎总是压抑个性化创造和活力 Collaboration 3 42 Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups 学习不是个人行为 而是需要人们的合作 所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作 他们将会在学业上获益非 浅 46 While some leaders in government sports industry and other areas attribute their success to a well developed sense of competition a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation 05 22 06 1 尽管一些政府领导 比如体育 工业和其他的领域的人把他们的成功归功于良好的竞争意识 一个社会还是应该给年轻 人灌输合作的思想 这更有助于他们成为好的领导者 213 Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others In fact the ability to compromise and work with others that is the ability to achieve social harmony should be a major goal in every school GRE ISSUE TOPICS 7 学校太强调教学生怎么质疑他人的主张 实际上 培养折衷和与他人合作的能力 也就是促进社会和谐的能力应该被作 为每个学校的主要目标 Individuals 06 1 最高荣誉比如诺贝尔奖实际上是在损害社会 因为这种奖项在暗示只有少数人才配得上这样的荣誉 少数和多数 精英 和大众 95 People work more productively in teams than individually Teamwork requires cooperation which motivates people much more than individual competition does 众人拾柴火焰高 团队需要合作 这样才能比个体之间的竞争更能激发人们的激情 113 It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves 定位自己 主要是通过定位自己所处的社会团体 162 One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives However the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them Thus the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed 我们经常听到个人需要为自己的生活负责任 但是在人们认识到自己所处的情形之前 这些情形很大程度上已确定 所 以个人责任要比通常认为的要复杂和不切实际的得多 175 It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation the details may be worked out by a team but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual 05 14 06 0 总是某个个人推动了革新 可能由团队完成细节 但是真正的革新来自于个人的进取心与不寻常的洞察力 199 Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people but from individuals When groups try to be creative the members force each other to compromise and as a result creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone 真正创新的思想不是来自群体 而是来自个人 当一个群体试图创新时 群体中的成员使得彼此相互妥协 最终削弱集 体的创造性 趋向遵循传统 大部分创造性思想来自于个人的独立工作 71 Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others 适当的独处有利于营造更为良好的相处关系 200 The most elusive knowledge is self knowledge and it is usually acquired through solitude rather than through interaction with others 最难的莫过于认知自我 通常只能通过独处 而非与他人交往来了解自己 Personal Success 11 16 Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless in fact they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals 尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是完全无害的 但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养真正坚强独立的性格 64 Many people know how to attain success but few know how to make the best use of it 05 9 06 1 很多人懂得如何去获得成功 但是很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成功 Attain and sustain 打江山容易 保江山难 87 In any field of inquiry the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries 05 46 06 2 在所有的研究领域中 新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现 138 Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress 05 32 06 1 不犯错误就不会有发现和进步 182 It is dangerous to trust only intelligence 只相信智力是危险的 Intelligence The faculty of thought and reason 故智力 理性相对于直觉 感性 GRE ISSUE TOPICS 8 188 Success whether academic or professional involves an ability to survive in a new environment and eventually to change it 成功 不管是学术上还是专业上的 都包括适应新环境并最终改变它的能力 192 Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning 生活各个方面的成功更多是来自机遇或者冒险 而不是仔细和谨慎的规划 206 People are too quick to take action instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do 人们行动太快了 他们应该停下来想一想行动的可能后果 210 Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy the relative ease of finding a job and the salary they can expect to make Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work 05 13 06 1 大多数人找工作是基于实用性的考虑 经济需求 较易找到工作 希望拿到的薪水 很少有人自由地根据自己对某一份 工作的才能和兴趣出发去选择职业 226 People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience 05 22 06 6 人们错误地认为他们碰到的问题要比他们前辈碰到的问题更复杂 更具挑战性 这个错觉最终会随着知识和经验的积累 消除 240 Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of anot