细节理解和推理判断2

阅读理解解题技巧-事实细节题和推理判断题 文章体裁/类别 201220132014A 应用文： 生活B 议论文： 社会经济C 说明文： 科普D 夹叙夹议：文学 文章词汇量/题目数201220132014A304/3262/2266/2B392/4382/3405/3C390/3413/4354/4D541/5655/6696/6Totol162717121721 三年高考阅读题型（1）细节信息推理判断语义猜测主旨大意201284212013651320145811汇总191745比例42.2%37.8%8.9%11.1% 三年高考阅读题型（2）细节信息推理判断语义猜测主旨大意特点原词复现同义转换文章暗提合理推断代词/生词/生义/短语及句子段落篇章概括提炼技巧 找关键 找位置 找关系结合语境借助代入关注首末事实细节题一、常见的设问形式1Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage?2Which of the following (sentences/statements) is NOT true according to the passage?3According to the passage，all of the following are TRUE except/but_4The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT_5In the passage，the author states that _6According to the passage，when (where，why，how，who，etc.).二、常见题型1描写类细节题。2数据计算题。3排序题。4信息寻找、广告阅读题。5图文转换题。6表格理解题。三、设题方式1语意转换。细节理解题设题时为了避免出现原文中所用的词汇，常常使用一些同义词、近义词或反义词(双重否定)。因而在解题时要注意语意转换。2设题干扰项特点。(1)正误并存：部分正确，部分错误。(2)扩大或缩小范围：是原文信息，但不是题干要求。(3)偷换概念，偷梁换柱：符合常识，但不是文章的内容。(4)以偏概全：与原句的内容极其相似，但在程度、态度、褒贬色彩上有变动。(5)无中生有：明显不是文章的信息，与文章事实不符或相反。四、解题步骤1迅速定位，缩小范围。通过寻读法(scanning)，用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。2理解其意，对照选项。在找到关键词句后，要仔细阅读，准确理解，对照选项，看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。3排除干扰，选出答案。在作出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，不断缩小范围，选出正确答案。五、典例精析例1 Tuition Fees(学费) Tuition fees are different from department to department，generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year.For further information：tuiwaikato.ac.nz.Accommodation(住宿)You can have a room in a 4bedroom flat，which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information：accwaikato.ac.nz. You have to pay at least _a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A$5，250 B$8，000 C$9，000 D$11，000例2 People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists.Once at the store，a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system(系统)that will organize the trip around the store.If youre looking for toothpicks，you type in the word or pick it from a list，and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.The devices also keeps a record of what you buy.When youve finished，the device figures out your bill.Then you go to the checker or place your card into a selfcheckout stand and pay.Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping card?aStart the system.bMake a shopping list.cFind the things you want.dGo to a selfcheckout stand.Aabdc Bbacd Cacbd D bcad例3 In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. They dont get to see this soft side of others. Often，we try every possible way to avoid showing our weakness, which includes a lot of pretending.But only when we stop pretending were brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness thats in them.1The author has discovered that people will feel happy when _ Athey offer their help Bthey receive others help Cthey feel others kindness Dthey show their weakness 2The author feels sad sometimes because _ Ahe has a soft heart Bhe relies much on others Csome people pretend to be kind Dsome people fail to see the kindness in others3What does the underlined word “it” refer to? AAnimal kingdom. BWeakness. CAggressive behavior. DKindness.例4 In a world with limited land，water and other natural resources (资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise.Actually，the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的) ways.That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words，we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that _ Ait makes the world warmer Bit consumes natural resources Cit brings severe damage to forests Dit makes growth hard to continue推理判断题型一、题型解读: 推理是要求考生在阅读过程中沟通外现的和内涵的、已述的和未述的含义，以文章提供的事实为依据，经过分析、思考形成这样或那样的观点；要求考生在通篇理解文章的基础上去领悟作者的言外之意，并对作者的态度、观点、写作目的意图、文章的寓意等作出正确的推理判断。引申要求考生在理解文章主题思想、作者的态度倾向、观点意图、情节发展等的前提下，作出合乎逻辑的引申。这类题要求我们由“已知的”去推断“未知的”，属于一种深层次的理解。既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系，又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理。高考中，推理判断题的考查每年都占阅读理解试题的一半左右。推理判断试题和引申有关的题型属于高层次阅读理解题。 二、设问形式 The passage is probably written for _. What is implied but not stated ? The paragraph is probably taken from _ It can be inferred in the story that _. We can infer / conclude from the passage that _. It can be inferred / concluded (from the passage ) that _. 与判断推理和引申有关的题型常见的提问形式常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude， learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most likely等。三、了解三个解题步骤：1. 寻读，迅速找到相关信息点。2. 研读，不但要理解相关信息点的字面意义，而且要由表及里、由浅入深地分析。3. 推理，以文中提供的信息为依据，结合常识，作出符合逻辑的推断。四、干扰项的四个特点：1. 原文信息的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。2. 无关紧要或片面推出的结论。3. 与文中内容不符或完全相反的结论。4 符合考生已有常识，但文中没有信息支持。五、常见错误类型：1. 未经推断。 把文章已经明确介绍或说明的内容误以为推理判断的结论。2. 凭空想象。凭主观想象或自己的常识理解文章中的细节，而不是凭借文章信息进行推理，缺乏文章信息的支持。3. 断章取义。能够找到文章信息依据，但片面理解，缺乏思维的严密性。六、解题点拨（1) 判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。（2) 全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。（3) 善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。（4）不可直接选取文中的原句。 七、典例精析第一节 推断隐含意义第二节 推断文章出处第三节 推断情绪情感第四节 推断观点态度第五节 推断作者读者第六节 推断写作目的第七节 推断写法意图Homework:即学即练阅读下列文段，从题后所给的A、B、C、和D项中选出最佳选项。(一)Mothers，doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a babys blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed. In this state, the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible. The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.According to the Paragraph，one reason why a baby cries is that it feels _ Asick Bupset Csleepy Dhungry (二)When Frida Kahlos paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as “a ribbon(丝带) around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City, Kahlo suffered from polio (小儿麻痹症) at the age of seven.Her spine(脊柱) became bent as she grew older. Then, in 1925, her back was broken in several places in a schoolbus accident.Throughout the rest of her life, the artist had many operations, but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However, the accident had an unexpected side effect. While lying in her bed recovering, Kahlo taught herself to paint.In 1929, she got married to Diego Rivera, another famous Mexican artist. Riveras strong influence on Kahlos style can be seen in her early works，but her later works from the 1940s，known today as her best works, show less influence from her husband.Unfortunately, her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and 1940s, even in her home country. Her first onewoman show in Mexico was not held until 1953. For more than a decade after her death in 1954, Kahlos works remained largely unnoticed by the world，but in the 1970s her works began to gain international fame at last.1The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by _. Apolio Bher bent spine Cback injuries Dthe operation she had2Kahlos style had become increasingly independent since the _A1930s B1940s C1950s D1970s (三)The valuepacked, allinclusive sightseeing package that combines the best of Sydneys harbour, city, bay and beach highlights.A Sydney Pass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses. The “red”Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights while the “blue”Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbour cruises (游船). You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or City Rail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city. Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, sampling the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise.The possibilities and plans are endless with a Sydney Pass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.Sydney Passes are available for 3.5 or 7 days for use over a 7 calendar day period. With a 3 or 5 day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All Sydney Passes include a free Airp