浅谈2012年高考化学试题中的元素分析.doc

/ / 浅谈2012年高考化学试题中的元素分析Introduction to element analysis of 2012 college entrance examination chemistry exam一、单一数形策略A, single number form 单一数形策略是指在试题中单独给出有关数据或图形，或直接用文字说明数据的相对大小或变化情况。其中的数据或图形首先包括静态和动态两大类，静态数形主要反映物质的组成、结构或性质，动态数据主要反映物质的性质及其变化规律。另外，有时也提供经过适当转化而形成的数据。Single number form strategy refers to the relevant data or graphs is given separately in the item, or directly with the relative size of the text data or changes. Data or graphics first including static and dynamic two types, the static number form mainly reflect the composition, structure and properties of substances, dynamic data mainly reflect the material properties and their change rule. In addition, sometimes also provide proper transformation and form data. 1.静态数形1. A static number form 例1（全国理综第37题）A族的氧、硫、硒（Se）、碲（Te）等元素在化合物中常表现出多种氧化态，含A族元素的化合物在研究和生产中有许多重要用途。请回答下列问题：Case 1 (the principle of 37 items) A clan of oxygen, sulfur, selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and other elements in compounds are often characterized by A multitude of oxidation state, compounds containing A group element has many important applications in the research and production. Please answer the following questions: （1）S单质的常见形式为，其环状结构如图1所示，S原子采用的轨道杂化方式是_。(1) the common form of elemental is a S, the annular structure is shown in figure 1, the S atomic orbital hybrid way is _. （2）（5）（略）(2) (5) (a) （6）ZnS在荧光体、光导体材料、涂料、颜料等行业中应用广泛。立方ZnS晶体结构如图2所示，其晶胞边长为540.0 pm，密度为_（列式并计算），a位置离子与b位置离子之间的距离为_pm（列式表示）。(6) ZnS in phosphor administered, light conductor materials, widely used in the industries of paint, paint, etc. Cubic ZnS crystal structure as shown in figure 2, administered the cell length is 540.0 PM, density of _ (column type and calculation), a and b position location ions for the distance between _pm (columns). 例1给出的数形，包括分子的球棍模型和立方ZnS的晶胞结构示意图等，对应着分子和ZnS晶体中粒子的排列方式。 由上表判断溶液显_性，用化学平衡原理解释：_。Example 1 number form, including molecular ball-and-stick model and cubic ZnS cell structure diagram, etc., administered corresponds to the molecules and ZnS crystal administered in the arrangement of the particles. (1) by the above-mentioned judgment solution show. sex, explained in chemical equilibrium principle: _. 当吸收液呈中性时，溶液中离子浓度关系正确的是（选填字母）：_。(2) when the absorption solution is neutral, the relationship between ion concentration in the solution is correct (optional) : _. 另外，近年来被新课程高考青睐的化工流程题，虽然没有给出具体的变化数据，但其中的化工流程图反映了物质的性质和相互之间的转化关系。所以，从广义的角度看，题中的化工流程图也属于动态数据5。In addition, favored by the new course for the college entrance examination in recent years, chemical process, although there is no specific changes in the data, but the chemical flow chart reflects the properties of matter and the transformation of relationship between each other. So, from the generalized point of view, also belong to the chemical flow chart in the dynamic data 5. 3.转化数据3. The transformation of data 例5（全国理综第12题）分析下表中各项的排布规律，按此规律排布第26项应为Case 5 (the principle of number 12) analysis in the table below the configuration rule, 26 of the configuration items should be according to this rule 从常见有机物组成的角度看，例5表中的各项按烯、烷、醇、酸的顺序呈周期性的排列，第一周期含2个碳原子。由于264=62，所以第26项是8个碳原子的烷烃。其实，表中各项的排布规律与第26项分子的组成之间没有必然的联系。本来8个碳原子的烷烃就是，经命题专家“由简到繁”的转化，就变成了表中排布规律的第26项。用等价转化法解题时，通常是按由繁到简的方向逐步转化已知条件，而命题经常是按由简到繁的方向将已知条件复杂化，所得已知条件越复杂，试题的难度就越大。From the perspective of common organic matter composition, case 5 table of the according to the order of the ene, alkanes, alcohols, acids are arranged periodically, contains two carbon atoms in the first cycle. Because 26 present 4 = 6. Item 2, so the 26th is eight carbon atoms of alkanes. Actually, in the table all the configuration rule of composition with 26 items molecules is no necessary link between. Eight carbon atoms of alkanes is originally, the thesis experts by Jane to numerous transformation, becomes the configuration rule 26 items in the table. Equivalent problem solving process, usually by direction gradually transformed by numerous to Jane known conditions, the thesis will often is the direction of the press by Jane to numerous complicated by known conditions, income the more complex the known conditions, the greater the difficulty of the questions. （1）（2）（略）(1) (2) (a) （3）通过计算确定样品的组成（写出计算过程）。(3) through the calculate and determine the composition of the sample (write) calculation process. 二、以形助数策略Second, in order to help several strategies “以形助数”就是借助图形的生动性和直观性来阐明数据的相对大小或变化关系。高考化学试题中以形助数时所用的图形常有定性和定量两大类。其中定量图形既有点、柱和线的不同，也有反映两个变量或多个变量关系的差异。Number to help is the vivid and intuitive with the aid of graphics to illustrate the relative size of the data or changes in the relationship. Chemistry in the college entrance examination test questions to help function in graphics are often used in the qualitative and quantitative two kinds big. The quantitative graphics a bit both, column and line is different, also has reflected the difference of relationship between two or more variables. 例7（福建理综第24题）（1）（略）Example 7 (fujian principle of 24) (1) (a) （2）化学镀的原理是利用化学反应生成金属单质沉淀在镀件表面形成镀层。（略）(2) the chemical plating principle is to use chemical reactions generate metal elemental precipitation in the form on the surface of the plating coating. (1) (a) 某化学镀铜的反应速率随镀液pH变化如图3所示。该镀铜过程中，镀液pH控制在12.5左右。据图中信息，给出使反应停止的方法：_。（以下略）(2) the reaction rate of a chemical copper plating with plating solution pH changes is shown in figure 3. The copper plating process, the plating solution pH control at about 12.5. Information according to the picture, to give up some ways of reaction: _. (the following abbreviated) 例8（广东理综第22题）图4是部分短周期元素化合价与原子序数的关系图，下列说法正确的是Example 8 (guangdong heald question 22) figure 4 is a part of the short cycle element valence and atomic number of the diagram, the following statement is correct A.原子半径：ZYXA. atomic radius: X Y Z B.气态氢化物的稳定性：RWB. the stability of the hydride gas phase: R W C.W和水反应形成的化合物是离子化合物C.W reacting with water to form compounds are ionic compounds D.Y和Z两者最高价氧化物对应的水化物能相互反应D.Y and Z both high oxide hydrates can react 例7和例8所给出的图形中都有两个变量，而且都有具体的数据，所以属于定量图形（如果省略图形中具体数据，则属于定性图形）。其中，例7表示反应速率与溶液pH的关系，例8表示元素化合价与原子序数的关系。不过这两个图形也有不同，例7“点”出的是溶液不同pH时的反应速率，例8则用一定高度的“柱”指示了部分短周期元素对应的化合价。例7中的“点”虽然没有连接成线，但可以看出反应速率随溶液pH的变化趋势；例8中“柱”的最高点和最低点分别对应该元素的最高正价和最低负价，它在横坐标上所处的相对位置表示相应的原子序数。Cases (7 and 8 cases given in the graph, there are two variables, and they all have specific data, so it belongs to the quantitative graphics (graphics if you omit the concrete data, belong to qualitative graphics). Among them, 7 cases according to the reaction rate and pH of solution, 8 cases indicates that the element valence relations with atomic number. But the two graphics also have different, cases (7 point is the solution of different pH of the reaction rate, 8 cases with a certain height column is an indicator of the short cycle elements corresponding valence. Cases (7 of the point, while not connected to a line, but it can be seen that the reaction rate trend along with the change of solution pH; 8 cases respectively by means of highs and lows of the column should element of onium and lowest pr