2010年高考英语二轮复习语法专题.doc

2010年高考英语二轮复习语法专题在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 注意：（1）定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；（2）定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。 （3）引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose，as关系副词有：when, where, why. 二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 关系代词引导的定语从句, 关系代词引导定语从句时，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。This is the room thatwhich Shakespeare was born in.注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 1作定语用whose =the+ n+ of of which=of which the + n(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注意： “介词 + whose +名词”引导定语从句。如：I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard. 门是蓝色的那间房是我的。2作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. 3、 as在定语从句中的用法:：as可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（1）. as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如，就像”之意。它在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。 例 The elephants nose is like a snake， as anybody can see.（2）as引导限制性定语从句多与such、so或the same连用，它可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 Such people as were mentioned by him were honest. I shall do it in the same way as you did.（3）. as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句一般只能放在主句之后。例如： As had been expected， the England team won the football match. The earth runs around the sun， as is known to everyone.注意：the samethat与the sameas在意思上是不同的。例如： This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. 这个书包和我昨天丢的相似。（相似物） This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这正是我昨天丢的那个书包。（同一物）（二）关系副词的用法： 1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。 Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city等， This is the hotel where they are staying. I forget the house where the Smiths lived. 3. why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. (三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 如： I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 2 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 3 when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 4as 和which 引导定语从句的区别有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如： He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. （1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. （2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样”。 （3）as引导的非限制性定语从句表示积极的意义，与主句是顺理成章的关系，绝不能与之矛盾。若非限制性定语从句表示消极的意义，则只用which。如：He has succeeded in his career, as / which we all hope. 他在事业中成功了，这正是我们大家所希Her grandma died last week, which made her very sad. 她的奶奶逝世了，这使得她很悲伤。(4) 当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时，只能用which, 而不可用 as。如：He has a new computer, for which he paid nearly ten thousand Yuan. (5) 当关系代词代替主句中的宾语从句或复合结构(如：宾+补；不定式短语；动词-ing形式短语等) 时，一般只能用which, 而不用 as。如：She told us that there was something wrong with her bike, which was true。He asked her to help him with his English, which she did. (6) 关系代词仅代表主句中的谓语部分时，从句中谓语部分被省略而只保留情态动词的否定式或助动词否定式，引导词一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He speaks English very fluently, which I cant. (7) 关系代词作定语修饰后面的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He suggested going swimming in the river, which idea we agreed with. (8) 关系代词仅代表主句中单个的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He sent me a beautiful present, which I valued very much. (9) as 在非限制性定语从句中，还常跟such连用。如：There was a look of love in the teachers eyes, such as mothers have for their children. 老师眼里流露出对他喜爱的神情，就好像母亲对孩子的喜爱。(10) as常用于一些固定结构中。如：as is well known / as we all know 众所周知； as is said above 正如上面所说；as might be imagined 正像所想象的那样；as is reported 如报道所说；as has been pointed 如所指出的那样；as is expected 正如所料。5在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at her. 四关系词的选择 1 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。 2 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如： Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke. 3 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which： (1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done. (2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如： We heard clearly every word that he said. (3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如： The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake. (4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时，如： Thats the most expensive hotel that weve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read. (5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find. (6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. (7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? 4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如： Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go.) (2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands. 注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that。如： He that promises too much means nothing. (3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如： Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? (4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如： A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German. Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see. I was the only person in my office who was invited. (5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如： She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar. 5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that: (1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this? (2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived. (3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me. 6. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。 如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。 This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。 7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand. He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely. 注意的问题：1、 the only one of + n + 定语从句（用单数谓语动词）one of + the +n+定语从句（用复数动词）2、 such as引导定语从句 与such that 引导结果状语从句This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand. This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it. 3、 当situation, condition,stage, point，scenes 做先行词时，用where 引导定语从句4 、when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。5、 where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别Please make a mark where you have any question.(从句： )Please make a mark at the place where you have any question. (从句： )6、 the way 做先行词时，关系词的选择应根据the way 在定语从句中所做的成分来决定I dont like the way_he is treated The way_you thought of to solve the problem is very usefulPlease find a way _is the key to solving the problem7、 the reason做先行词时，关系词的选择应根据the reason在定语从句中所做的成分来决定The reason_I was late was that I was caught in a traffic jamI dont believe the reason_he gave for his being late8、介词+which 引导的定语从句中介词的选择：9. 在下列情况下，一般只用of whom和of which。(1) 定语从句的主语是few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. (2) 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。(3) 定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of which。如There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. (4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. 10、表示部分与整体of which/whom在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/whom或者of which/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority等。Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 注意这里的of which不能用whose代替，这与表示所属关系的of which不同：The room the door of which (=whose door) is blue belongs to me. 11、注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. (作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. (2)Ill never forget the days when we lived together. (作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. (作及物动词spent的宾语)(3)The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. (作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated. (作gave的宾语，用关系代词)12、关系词的选择方法(1)一看先行词的意义即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。(2)二看关系词的句法功能即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如I forget the time when he will come.(when 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)I forget the time that he told me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)(3) 三看定语从句的种类即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如：If youve really said that to her, _ will cause real trouble.A. that B. which C. as D. what此题答案是A，不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是：If youve really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语12、关系代词做定语从句的主语时，从句谓语动词的形式与先行词一致。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man13、定语从句与强调句的区别的诀窍：若将It is was that who 去掉而句中不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型。若结构不完整，说明原句为定语从句。It was not until 1920_regular radio broadcasts began.14、定语从句与同位语从句的区别：定语从句50题1. The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day _Ill never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book _the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen _he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which 11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country? A. who B. whos C. which D. whose 14.Im interested in _you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16.He isnt such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 17.He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 19.I dont like _ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels 20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what 21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 23.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who 24.I lost a book, _I cant remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that 25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what 26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV. A. that B. which C. as D. it 27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./ 29.This is the reason _he didnt come to the meeting. A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which 30.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after 31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what 32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.That is not the way _I do it. A./ B.which C.for which D.with which 34.I have two grammars, _are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which 35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which 36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it 37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that D. from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done. A. that B. which C. who D. as 39. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose 40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. that B. which C. it D. though 41. - Did you ask the guard _ happened? - Yes, he told me all _ he knew. A. what; that B