第二部分句子成分.doc

第二部分 句子成分一、术语及符号1、主语 subject= 2、谓语 predicate_ 3、表语 predicative _4、宾语 object 5、宾补 object complement 6、状语 adverbial 7、定语 attribute ( )8、同位语 appositive =( ) 二、英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑，定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。主谓宾，定状补，主干枝叶分清楚；定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。（汉语）三八大成分的概念和构成1主语(名词代词形it)：如果是主动态句子的主语是动作的执行者，如果是被动态或系表结构句子的主语是动作的承受者或是被描绘的对象。充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）数词4）名词化的形容词5）副词6）名词化的介词7）不定式8）ING分词(9)名词化的-ed分词 10）介词短语 11）从句 12）句子e.g To learn English well is very important today.2谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。谓语形式：动词的各种时态和语态（为英语句子的灵魂）e.g I am reading.3宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式 (8)形式宾语it（名词从句，不定式，动名词）e.g I have found him a place.4表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后,与之构成所谓的系表结构)构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）名词从句e.g You are clever.5补语：是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短9）名词从句(1)主语补语 Tom was made monitor. (2)宾语补语 I made Tom monitor.(3)表语补语 I am sure to succeed.6.定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句e.g She is a natural musician.7. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。e.g We have two children , a boy and a girl.8.状语：是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分。e.g He speaks the language badly but read it well.英语中动词的分类第一方面：一 动词动词： 是表示动作或状态的词。 二 动词的分类动词分为五种：及物动词，不及物动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词 及物动词：是指后面需要使用宾语使其意义完整的动词如：那条狗使这个孩子高兴起来That dog makes the boy happy.2. 不及物动词：是指后面不需要宾语而意义完整的动词如：我住在北京I live in Beijing.3. 连系动词：是一个表示谓语关系的动词，后面必须接表语（通常为名词或形容词）一起使用。最主要的连系动词是be （am is are）. 其他常用的连系动词还有: seem 似乎look看起来appear好象become 变成keep保持 get (成为)如：他是一位好教师 He is a good teacher.这花很好闻。 The flower smells good. 4. 助动词：是指用来帮助主要动词完成语法功能的动词这类动词本身没有意义，不能单独作谓语。他们可以在句中与实义动词一起帮助构成疑问句，否定句，进行时态，完成时态和将来时态助动词有：be (构成进行时) 如： 我正在读书。 I am reading a book.do （构成疑问句，否定句）如：你喜欢苹果吗？不，我不喜欢。Do you like apple? No, I dont. have （构成完成时态）如：我已经寄信了I have posted the letter.shall, will（构成将来时态）如：我明天来看你I will come to see you tomorrow.5. 情态动词：是指表示说话人的语气或者情态的动词情态动词没有人称和数的变化, 词义不完全 ，在句中不能单独作谓语，必须与后面的动词原形合用我们常用的情态动词有：can (能，会)如： I can swim. 我会游泳.may （可以）如：You may go now. 你现在可以走了.must（必须）如: You must do your homework. 你必须写作业.need (需要) 如: He needs our help. 他需要我们的帮助.第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Look at, look after动词+副词Give up, put into动词+副词+介词Catch up with, look down upon动词+名词+介词Take care of, pay attention to Be+形容词+介词Be proud of, be afraid of 复杂结构Make up ones mind, 第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、 谓语动词 形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English.主动The road was filled with rubbish. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等He has flown to America. 事实I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望2、非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes reading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The steam is seen rising from the wet clothes.过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The cup is brokenLets practice (5)一找出下面句子中的非谓语动词，并指出是作什么句子成分 1Toknowhimistolikehim. 2.Hestooduptoseebetter. 3.Theyhavestartedusingcomputersinthelibrary. 4.Iwatchedthemplayingchess. 5.Iheardthemquarrellingintheroom. 二、 动词的时态和语态1.(高考预测题) Jane was disappointed that most of the guests_when she _at the party. A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived 2. (高考预测题) The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he _in the mud all the morning. A. has been playing B. was playing C. is playing D. had been playing 3.(高考预测题) Its not so easy for me to find our formal teaching building because the school _so much since I left. A. is changing B. changed C. has changed D.changes 4.(高考预测题) Alice, you look puzzled. Have you understood it? Yes, I _another problem just now. A. have thought of B. thought of C. was thinking of D. had thought of 5(高考预测题) Come to me early tomorrow morning. If I _, wake me up. A. sleep B. will be sleeping C. will sleep D. am still sleeping 6.(高考预测题) Glad to see you back. How long_in Russia? A. did you stay B. have you stayed C. were you staying D. have you been staying 7.(高考预测题) Im afraid these flowers wont be able to live through the winter. But I think otherwise. You see, measures_to take good care of them. A. have taken B. had been taken C. will take D. are being taken 8.(高考预测题) This is Li Hua speaking. Im sorry I_Your voice. A. dont recognize B. havent recognized C. didnt recognize D. hadnt recognize 9.(高考预测题) Unfortunately, the ship had already trapped in ice block and started breaking up when people _the land. A. have seen B. saw C. had seen D. see 10.(高考预测题) I am sure that Joseph will keep the promise even though the condition _. A. had changed B. will change C. was changed D. has changed 11.(高考预测题) The results of this research _to many fields, and tens of millions of dollars will be surely brought in the near future. A. have applied B. had been applied C. are being applied D. are applying 12.(高考预测题) Hurry! The train_.You know it_at 8:30 a.m. A. leaves; leaves B. is leaving; leaves C. leaves; is leaving D. is leaving; leaving 13.(高考预测题) Mary is so talkative. I even hate her. She_me. A. is constantly disturbing B. constantly disturbs C. is constantly disturbed D. is disturbing 14.(高考预测题) The teacher told us water _at 1000C. A. is boiled B. boiled C.was boiled D. boils 15.(高考预测题) What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting_. A. was holding B. had held C. was to hold D. was to be held 16.(高考预测题) The president_a cool reception when he visited London. A. gave B. was given C. had given D. had been given 17.(高考预测题) Take this medicine three times a day, Tom. Do I have to? It_so terrible. A. is tasting B. is tasted C. tastes D. has tasted 18.(高考预测题) Where _the recorder? I cant see it anywhere. 一I _it right here. But now its gone A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have put 19.(高考预测题) Ring me at 5 tomorrow morning, wont you? Why then? I_. A. will be sleeping B. have slept C. have been sleeping D. will sleep 20.(高考预测题) What has happened? The window_but I havent found out who _it. A broke; broke B. is broken; has broken C. is broken; broke D. has been broken; has broken 21.(高考预测题) On the farm, the children always did the same work as grownups did but got _much less. A.paying B. paid C. to pay D. to be paid22.(高考预测题) Is the house still on sale? No, it_. A. sold B. was sold C. has sold D. has been sold 23.(高考预测题) 一Is the meeting held in Room 302 or 303? It should be 302. But I hear that it _till tomorrow. A. was put off B. will put off C. has been put off D. is put off 24.(高考预测题) The cattle _well in this area of the country. A. are not sold B. dont sell C. is not sold D. doesnt sell 25.(高考预测题) The country life he was used to_greatly since 1992. A. change B.has changed C. changing D.have changed 26.(高考预测题) May I remind you that a Mr Wang is waiting outside, sir? Oh, thats right. I_about it. A. forget B. forgot C. had forgotten