GRE_issue例子总结.doc

我在准备issue过程中用到的查到的一些词及词组，我发现在引用例子的时候很多时候是知道用中文怎么说却常常被一个词的英文说法而难住了，所以我就一个个都查了出来，可能不能满足大家所有的要求，也希望对大家有点帮助吧，祝大家杀G成功：）The flight of Apollo 11; lunar landing mission ，阿波罗号的登月计划另外，Apollo 13号的登月很惊险，大家可能都知道吧？看过电影“阿波罗”的人都知道这段历史吧？不知道的兄弟姐妹上百度搜一下就知道啦！，还有，“挑战者号” Challenger；哥伦比亚号 Columbia）杨氏双缝实验（大学物理讲过的，呵呵）：Young double-slit experiment，严格来说，这个实验是用classical theory cannot explain，这里面涉及到 quantum theory，即量子理论，我不是学物理的，但是据我查的资料上说，其实人类对量子理论并没有完全地明白，也没法用它解释一切，这个观点我觉得可能用来说明人类的认识过程是由不知到知的认识过程，要用发展的眼光来看问题。）火星登月计划：Mars Exploration Rover Mission which costs $425 million every year for the assembly, test and launch process which is just the same amount as it costs to the film Titanic and Pearl Harbor，哇，够狠，老美有钱！另外，moon rover是月球车的意思，同理Mars rover）Manhattan Project，曼哈顿计划，就是当年Einstein 和 Oppenheimer（奥本海默，这小子狠，被称为原子弹之父，一定要记住，这小子在听说美国在对 Hiroshima，即日本广岛投原子弹之后，曾感叹自己当初不应该研制原子弹which给人类带来了灾难，科技与人性的题目能用到）多利Dolly，不用说了，我想顺着这只名羊提一提关于基因工程( genetic engineering)，转基因技术：transgenics，人体胚胎：human embryo，分子双螺旋结构：the double-helix structure of DNA,还有两个牛人，就是发现分子双螺旋结构的沃森和克里克,Waston and Crick）二战纳粹德国在活人上做实验，用大量的犹太妇女人活体实验为的是研制避孕药（oral contraceptive）关于丑闻：Bill Clintons sexual scandal with Monica Lewinsky；Nixons Watergate scandal；兴奋剂：stimulant；猥亵（针对那个把自己黑皮染白的那个小子的）：v. molest; n. molestation； Kobe Bryant Rape case;）垃圾邮件：不要再说junk mail啦，老土！有个更native的词：spam，记住哟！）环境问题：氟利昂：freon，臭氧层：ozonosphere/ ozone layer，臭氧空洞：ozone hole；赤潮：red tide）关于美国总统：刺杀总统；岂今为止，美国一共有四位总统被刺杀，第一位是Abraham Lincoln,最后一位是John F. Kennedy，还有许多刺杀未遂的，比如刺杀Roosevelt，Truman等等，这可以被用来例子表明领导者不可能让每一个人都满意 另外，罗斯福是个残疾人，大家知道吧？脊髓灰质炎导致坐在轮椅上，不过他并不是小时候得的病，挺奇怪，小儿麻痹并不是像我们想象的那样只能小时候得谈到杜鲁门，我得多说一句，当年美国的曼哈顿计划是罗斯福批的，知道美国要研究原子弹的人并不多，甚至许多后来参加研制的科学家都不知道自己在从事什么研究工作，保密工作做的相当严密，以致后来罗斯福下台，杜鲁门上台的时候都不知道美国已经研制出了原子弹）北美最大范围的停电：blackout (or power failure )in eastern US and Canada，人类对科技依赖的例证）巨牛的深蓝电脑，就是下棋的那个 Deep Blue，是IBM的电脑，有个processor，另外IBM还有个别称 Big Blue）直线加速器 linear accelerator，回旋加速器 cyclotron accelerator）永动机 perpetual motion machine）名人Albeit Einstein：photo electronic effect (光电效应) ；question classical mechanics, quantum theory,不要墨守成规 stick to conventions,头脑要灵活，不能太固执 adamant/ obstinate/ stubborn/ headstrong，质能方程：mass-energy equationGalileo: did experiment on Leaning Tower of Pisa to discover law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies; discovered that moon shines with reflected light; denounced for advocating Copernican system ;was later tried by Inquisition(宗教法庭) and forced to recant（改变信仰）;哥白尼Copernicus，日心说：sun-centered system地心说：earth-centered system，布鲁诺Bruno，火刑be burned at stakeIsaac Newton ：经典力学classical mechanics, 万有引力universal gravitation，be inspired by the falling apple;stand on the shoulders of giantsHegel 黑格尔: 17701831 German philosopher; his dialectic process for reconciling opposites influenced Existentialists, Marx, etc.Karl Marx 的辩证唯物主义来自于黑格尔的辩证法dialectic 和费尔巴哈Feuerbach的唯物论Vincent van Gogh：梵高，作品sunflowerMonet莫奈 作品 sunriseSteven Hawking: British theoretical physicist noted for his research into the origin of the universe. His work influenced the development of the big bang（宇宙大爆炸理论） and black hole（黑洞） theoryMandela（曼德拉）, （struggle against segregation in South Africa） the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, forms a transition from classical to romantic composition. Individual, Companies, Leadership and Internal control Discriminating services may cause misunderstanding and unpleasant result.The best example is Toshiba |, one of the largest Japanese companies. In 2000, the Company announced that among notebook computers it produced, one model had serious defect. Users in North America could choose either replacements with an upgraded model or full refund. However, no such offer for users in China. Chinese users were outraged at the companys discrimination and refused to use any of Toshibas notebook computers. What the company lost is not only the temporary revenue but also the consumers confidence, which contribute to the long-term success of the company.Roosevelt: the 32nd president and the only president elected for 4th terms (1933-45); developed reforms and projects known as the New Deal. Under his sagacious leadership, America successfully walked out the shadow of Recession and conquered the notorious fascism in the Second World War. And according to a poll conducted at Harvard in 1950, Roosevelt is highly renowned as one of the greatest president of American, ranking only after Washington and Lincoln.Washington: 1st president of the U.S. (1789-1797); established many precedents that permanently shaped the character of the office of president; universally regarded as father of his country. Abraham Lincoln: 16th president of the U.S. (1861-65); successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War; issued Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in rebelling states; made famous address dedicating cemetery at Gettysburg; assassinated five days after end of Civil War.Jefferson: chief author of Declaration of Independence (1776); 3d president of the U.S. (1801*09); purchased Louisiana from France, sent Lewis and Clark to explore it; prohibited importation of slaves; instrumental in founding U. of Virginia. From him we can see the importance initially laid upon education. He required his progenies to carve such epitaph on his tombstone as chief author of Declaration of Independence; author of the Freedom Law of Religion in Virginia; Father of the Virginia Uni. Without mentioning of his presidency. It reflected vividly what a status of education in Jeffersons heart and this status was inherited by his successors. It is why Americans being super power of the world today.Wright Brothers(怀特兄弟):Itlastedonly12seconds, but those 12 seconds changed history. On December 17, 1903, two brothers named Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first airplane flight 哥俩的飞机就在天上呆了秒.Marie Curie : probed the mysteries of radioactivity and X rays. In 1903, she and her husband won the Nobel Prize in physics, one of the most important awards in science. In 1911, Marie Curie won a second Nobel Prize, this time in chemistry. She is one of very few people in history to win two Nobel prizes.MartinLuther King, Jr. Ihaveadreamthatmy four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!”CaptainJamesCook: sailed around the world twice. He was the first European to reach Hawaii and New ZealandOsamabinLadenConfucius孔子，Mencius孟子注：下面的表格是我转贴的，并非原创，但是我也加工了一些，特别是对于一些词的英文说法，也算是站在巨人的肩膀上吧？嘿嘿中文名字英文名字轶事利用点阿基米德Archimedes洗澡发明阿基米德定律 principle of buoyancy ;从小受家庭熏陶知识面很广 爱因斯坦Einstein少年时代和牛顿同学一样比较笨，后来对物理极度爱好，提出相对论，质疑了牛顿的经典力学；解释光电效应获得1921诺贝尔奖年幼的时候把有天赋的孩子集中训练；任何据称是事实的信息都应该被质疑，将来很可能会被证明是错误；墨守陈规不会成功安徒生Andersen丰富的想象力想象力作品的作用巴斯德Pasteur高温消毒法pasteurization；一个科学家应该想到的，不是当时人们对他的表扬或者辱骂，而是未来若干世纪中人们怎么评价他,he also intent the vaccine for rabies（发现狂犬病疫苗）评价历史人物贝多芬Beethoven德国伟大的作曲家，从小开始学习小提琴和钢琴，一生作品丰富，贝多芬一直在莫扎特Mozart与海顿Haydn的音乐中成长，以致开始创作时风格也酷似两位前辈,在任何领域重大意义的成功都要接受过去的成就；天才要在早期培养；超人的毅力；站在巨人肩膀上比尔盖茨Bill Gates微软创始人，从Harvard退学成立了公司自学成才达芬奇Vinci画画的非常好，据说比唐伯虎还要好，另外他还将其它学科知识用到绘画，想象力丰富，代表作Mona Lisa所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣；想象力的题目；其它学科对自身研究领域的影响笛卡尔Descartes法国著名哲学家，数学家，物理学家，同时对气象，生物等学科都做出了许多研究，解析几何analytic geometry 的创立者。找了个地方安心做学问，提出了“普遍怀疑” 原则，著名公式“我思故我在”( I think, therefore I am )学生学什么都要质疑老师；质疑权威社会才会进步；学术领域都需要真正的独立思想家的领导法拉第Faraday电学巨人，伟大的英国科学家，连小学都没上过，全靠自学，1813年被他的伯乐著名化学家戴维Davy相中，决心培养他。法拉第根据逆向思维，提出电磁感应定律principle of electromagnetism。新手比专家更有可能获得重要发现；置疑权威哥白尼Copernicus他本来是学医的，后来对天文学产生爱好，写了日心说；日心说彻底改变了当时人们信仰；另外这个日心说搞得布鲁诺这个倒霉孩子在广场上被人家点了兴趣爱好与成功；质疑权威社会才会前进和发展；真理一开始都是令人难以容忍的，或者至少是令人不快的，而且都是在反对当时的权威思想。哥伦布Columbus坚信“地圆说”;受到马可波罗游记的毒害，对东方文明很感兴趣，然后决定自己去看看，结果跑到片个陆地就把它当成是印度，到死还不知道自己错了专家犯错误;兴趣对成功的影响;改变人们对地球的认识歌德Goethe德国和欧洲最著名的文学家之一，代表作少年维特之烦恼浮士德Faust文学对人性的影响；60年创造浮士德荷马Homer整理荷马史诗感知和整理别人的技巧和发明的人往往为社会做出很大贡献华盛顿Washington美国第一位总统；美国人民心中的NO.1华盛顿好人阿，革命家不能顾及到自己的利益，否则革命不彻底；诚实谦虚不图虚名等品质。林肯Lincoln第16任美国总统，南北战争中至关重要的人物，刻苦自学，在黑人兄弟的帮助下，彻底扭转了战争的进程历史研究过于关注个人；个人努力可以改变看似固执的现实麦哲伦Magellan第一次用实践证明地球是圆的；“太平洋”的起名者实践是证明问题的有力证据；理想主义和实践主义的比较米开朗基罗Michelangelo意大利文艺复兴时期伟大的绘画家、雕塑家和建筑师，用了近六年的时间创作了伟大的教堂壁画末日审判老米同志的作品基本都是让人沉重和揪心的，所以用在科学让人安心，艺术让人 upset；想象力的题目莫扎特Mozart伟大的奥地利作曲家，三岁弹钢琴，四岁写谱，是个神童，但是现实社会却无情地冷落了他，大主教对他十分苛刻，可惜死的比较早也比较惨，三十五岁葬于一个穷人公墓区/在一次音乐会圆满的结束之后，一位少年找到了刚刚从台上谢幕下来的小演奏家，并对他说：“你演奏的真棒”。小演奏家说：这没有什么，其实很简单，你也会作曲吗？“不会，我会写诗。”对话的两位少年分别是8岁的莫扎特与12岁的歌德天才要在早期培养；政府应该资助艺术家拿破仑Napoleon战争狂人，正面人物英雄不一定代表这个社