初中英语主谓一致详解.doc

主谓一致性集合名词作主语的主谓一致问题一、必须用复数的情形police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口), clothes(衣服)等集合名词作主语时，谓语总是用复数。如：My clothes were soaked. 我的衣服都湿透了。The police are looking into the complaint. 警察在了解这项投诉。Too few people are interested in such music nowadays. 如今对这种音乐有兴趣的人太少了。二、必须用单数的情形clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等不可数的集合名词用作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。如：Furniture is chiefly made of wood. 家具主要是由木材制造。Poetry was blooming in China in the Tang dynasty. 中国的诗歌在唐代十分盛行。3. 可用单数或复数的情形family(家庭)，team(队员)，class(班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词用作主语时，其谓语既可用单数，也可用复数：当它们被视为整体时，谓语用单数；当它们强调个体时，谓语用复数。如： My family is very large. 我家人很多。(视为整体)His family are waiting for him. 他家里人在等他。(强调个体成员)注：有时没有特定的上下文，用单数或复数谓语区别不大。如：The public are is requested not to leave litter in the park.要求公众在公园不要乱扔东西。the rest (of)等作主语，谓语的数取决于什么请看下面两道题：a. The rest of the boys _ watching TV. b. The rest of the money _ stolen. A. were，wereB. was，wereC. were，wasD. was，was 此题应选 C。all，most，some，half，percent，the rest等词语后接介词of再接名词用作主语时，若该名词为可数名词的复数形式，则其谓语要用复数形式; 若该名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式，则其谓语要用单数形式：1. a. Most of the apples are bad. 这些苹果当中大部分是坏的。b. Most of the apple is bad. 这个苹果坏了一大部分。c. Most of the time was spent on it. 这上面花了大部分时间。2. a. Half of the buildings were destroyed in the fire. 有一半的楼房在大火中被毁。b. Half of the building was destroyed in the fire. 这座大楼在大火中有一半被毁。c. Half of the money was spent on food. 有一半的钱用来买食物。3. a. 30 percent of the workers here are women. 这里的工人有30%是女性。b. 30 percent of the work has been done. 有 30% 的工作已完成。c. 30 percent of the wall has been painted. 墙壁有30%已被刷漆。并列主语受every, each修饰时谓语用单数还是复数请看两个句子：Every boy and girl _ the film. Each boy and girl _ the film. A. likes，likesB. like，likeC. likes，likeD. like，likes 此题应选A。该题容易误选B，认为主语部分含有 boy 和girl 两部分，应该用复数。其实当两个并列主语受到 each，every，no等词修饰时，其谓语通常要用单数：Each boy and (each) girl was in white. 每个男孩和女孩都穿着白衣服。Every man and woman was interested in it. 每一个男人和女人都对此感兴趣。Each book and each paper was in proper place. 每本书和每张报纸都摆放得井井有条。Every man and (every) woman in the village knows this. 这个村子里的男男女女都知道这事。Every boy and every girl is given an apple. 每个男孩和每个女孩都被发给一个苹果。No teacher and (no) student was present. 没有一个老师和学生出席。He listened carefully，but no sound and no voice was heard. 他仔细地听，但是没听到一点声音。we each等作主语谓语用单数还是复数we each等作主语时，谓语动词应用复数，因为当we each作主语时，真正的主语是we，其后的each是修饰we的同位语。如：We each have a map. 我们每人都有一张地图。We each think the same. 我们大家想到一起了。We each know how the other is getting along. 我们每人都知道对方的情况。类似地，当they each, the children each, the teachers each等用作主语时，谓语动词也应用复数，而非单数。如：They each have their own share. 他们每人都有一份。They each were fitted with a barred door. 它们每个都装有带门闩的门。The plans each have certain advantages and disadvantages. 这些计划各有其优点和缺点。连词or与主谓一致这类并列主语中谓语应与哪个保持一致？你知道吗？You or he _ to blame. _ you or he to blame? A. is，IsB. are，AreC. is，AreD. are，Is此题应选C。在通常情况下，两个并列主语由or，either.or，neither.nor，not.but，not only.but (also)等连接时，其谓语通常与第二个主语(即临近的一个主语) 保持一致：1. One or two days _B_ enough to see the city. A. isB. are C. am D. be2. Neither my wife nor I myself _C_ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind. A. isB. areC. am D. be3. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _B_ tired of having one examination after another. A. isB. areC. amD. be4. Not the teacher，but the students _B_ looking forward to seeing the film. A. isB. areC. amD. be注意在疑问句中则通常与第一个主语 (即临近的一个主语)保持一致：a. You or he is to blame. 你或他有一人要受责备。b. Are you or he to blame? 受责备的是你还是他?顺便说一句，在现代英语中用neither.nor，either.or等连接主语时也可一律用复数(但考生在应试时应避免)。采用“就近原则”的两个典型用法即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。1. 连词or, notbut, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语一致。如：Not his parents but he doesnt want to go. 是他的父母亲不想去而不是他不想去。Neither you nor I am a stranger here. 你和我都不是刚来这里。Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret? 他和他的同学都不知道这个密秘？2. 当there be后有两个或几个并列的主语时，be的数由与其靠得最近的那个主语一致。如：There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate. 盘子里有一个苹果，两个梨子和一些桔子。There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate. 盘子里有两个梨子，一些桔子和一个苹果。非谓语动词作主语时的主谓一致非谓语动词(主要指不定式或动名词)作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如：1. 动名词作主语Having to change trains is a small inconvenience. 换乘火车多少有些不便。Being deaf and dumb makes communication very difficult. 又聋又哑很难与人交往。Watching the event on television was a poor substitute for actually being there. 从电视上观看那个比赛比现场观看可差远了。Reading by artificial light is bad for the eyes. 阅读时使用人工照明会损害眼睛。Writing a dictionary is a long and difficult business but were getting there. 编写词典是费时费事的工作, 但我们一定能成功。Writing a book was a more difficult job than hed thought. 写书这工作可比他原来想像的难得多。2. 不定式作主语To say you were ignorant of the rules is no excuse. 说自己不知道规则是不能成为藉口的。How to earn daily bread by my pen was then the problem. 如何靠我的笔维持生计在当时是一难题。To have such an easy examination paper was a gift from the gods. 碰到这样容易的考卷, 那是老天爷的恩赐。To say you were ignorant of the rules is no excuse. 说自己不知道规则是不能成为藉口的。To say that he was displeased is an understatement. 说他不高兴是重事轻说。To move house requires forward planning. 要搬家得先做好计划。To have told my secret would have given me away. 要是讲出了我的秘密就是把我自己出卖了。“主语+介词短语”作主语时的主谓一致按英语习惯，介词短语通常不用作主语，所以当主语后跟有一个介词短语时，其后谓语动词的数只与介词短语前面的主语保持一致，而与介词短语无关。如：A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。Everybody but you knows what was happening. 除了你以外，人人都知道出了什么事。The teacher, together with some of his pupils, was cleaning the room. 教师和他的一些学生一起在打扫教室。以下两例中的 as well as 也可视为介词，其后谓语与 as well as 前面的主语保持一致：The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting. 学生和他们的老师出席了会议。I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助你。不定代词作主语的主语一致归纳1. 单数型：someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing等复合不定代词作主语，谓语用单数；either, neither, each, little, much 等不定代词作主语时，谓语也用单数。如：Nothing is yet certain. 一切都还没有肯定。Neither was satisfactory. 两者都不使人满意。No one goes to the school during the vacation. 假期时没人到学校去。2. both, few, several, many作主语：此时谓语要用复数。如：Few of them are any good. 它们没有几个有用。Many have given their lives in the cause of truth. 为了真理许多人献出了生命。3. all 作主语：若指人，谓语用复数；若指事物或现象，谓语通常用单数。如：All are equal before the law. 法律面前，人人平等。All is well that ends well. 结局好一切都好。注：若all 后修饰有其他名词或接有“of+名词”，则其谓语与其中名词的数保持一致。All (of) the money is mine. 所有这些钱都是我的。All (of) his friends are poor. 他所有的朋友都很穷。4. none (of) 作主语：若指不可数名词，谓语用单数；若指复数可数名词，谓语可用单数(较正式)或复数(非正式)。如：None of the rooms are ready. 房间一个也没准备好。None of this milk can be used. 这牛奶一点都不能用了。None of the telephones is are working. 没有一部电话中是好的。5. the rest 作主语：指不可数名词时谓语用单数，指可数名词时谓语用复数。如：The rest of the money is yours. 剩余的钱归你。The rest are arriving later. 其他人稍候就到。means作主语时谓语动词用单数还是复数means 表单数意义还是复数意义? 用作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数？如：All possible means _ been tired. Every possible means _ been tired. A. have，haveB. has，hasC. have，has D. has，have 此题应选C。名词means(方法)的单复数同形，用作主语时，其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定：1. 如果means与all，such，these，those等词连用，则其含义应该是复数：These means are very good. 这些方法很好。Such means sound interesting，but in fact theyreimpossible. 那样的方法听起来有趣，但实际上是不可能的。2. 如果means与a，such a，this，that，every等词连用，则其含义应该是单数：Such a means is really unpleasant. 这样的方法确实是令人不愉快。There is an effective means of doing it. 做此事有一种很有效的方法。3. 有时从句意和上下文无法确定means 到底是单数还是复数，则其谓语用单数或复数均可以：做这事还有其他的什么办法吗?正：Are there any other means of doing it?正：Is there any other means of doing it?没有好的方法。正：There is no good means. 正：There are no good means. population作主语的主谓一致问题一、总的原则1.表示意义较抽象的“人口”时，表单数意义；表示某地区的全体居民时，为集合名词，既可表示单数意义(视为整体)也可表示复数意义(考虑其个体)。如：Chinas population is by far the largest of any country. 中国是全世界人口最多的国家。Most of the population has have fled. 大部分居民都逃走了。Half the worlds population doesnt dont get enough to eat. 世界有一半人口没有足够的食物吃。What percent of the population read reads books? 识字的人占人口总数的百分之几? 注：有的人认为，当population作主语时谓语动词一般用单数，但若前面有分数或百分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数这是不准确的说法，以上例句均引自权威词典，完全可以说明这一问题！二、注意之处若其后跟的是系表结构，且表语为复数，谓语动词要用复数。如：One third of the population here are farmers. 这里三分之一的人口是工人。时间、距离、金额作主语时的主谓一致表示时间、距离、度量、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语，被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；若强调个体也可以复数。如：Twenty years is a long time. 二十年是很长时间。Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot. 步行两千米是一段很长的路程。Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them. 六个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息。比较： Ten dollars is too much for this old coin. 这个古币没有10块钱这么高的价格。Three dollars were paid for the old coin. 那个古钱花了3块钱。 Twenty years is a long time. 20年是一段很长的时间。 Twenty years have passed since they got married. 他们结婚已有20年了。并列结构作主语时谓语动词的数1. 由and和both.and连接的并列主语此时谓语动词通常用复数。如：Jim and Mary are both interested in it. 吉姆和玛丽都对此感兴趣。Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹俩都是大学生。【注意】(1) 当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时，谓语用单数：Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。(2) 当and连接两个数相加时，谓语动词可用单数或复数：Six and eight makes make fourteen. 六加八等于十四。(3) 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时，谓语通常要用单数：A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。 2. 由or, nor, either.or, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut等连接的并列主语此时谓语动词通常与最靠近的主语保持一致(即遵循就近原则)。如：He or I am wrong. 不是他错了，就是我错了。Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不仅孩子们想去，母亲也想去。注意这类句型的疑问句形式：Were you or he there? 当时是你还是他在那儿?Are either you or he to blame? 是怪你还是怪他?【注意】在非正式文体中，个别结构(如neithernor)连接主语时，谓语可用复数：Neither his father nor his mother have has come. 他的爸爸和妈妈都没来。3. 由as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等连接的并连主语此时谓语动词通常与前面一个主语保持一致。如：The teacher as well as the students has read it 不仅学生读过它，老师也读过。The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。a (the) number of作主语时谓语的数一、“the number +复数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。如：The number of the students increased to 500. 学生人数增加到了500人。The number of students absent is 6. 缺席的学生人数为6。The number of jobs is increasing. 工作的数目正在增加。The number of chairs in the room is ten. 屋内椅子共有十把。The number of the unemployed is still increasing. 失业的人还在增加。The number of cars has greatly in creased. 轿车的数量大大地增加了。The number of stamp-collectors is growing apace. 集邮者的人数在迅速增加。And here are the main points of the news again. The pound has fallen against the dollar. The Prime Minister has said that the governments economic policies are working. The number of unemployed has reached five million. There has been a fire. 下面把新闻要点再说一遍。英镑对美元的比价已经下跌。首相说政府的经济政策正在起作用。失业人数已经达到500万。发生了一场大火二、“a number of+复数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。如：A number of people were injured. 不少人受了伤。There were a number of swans on the lake. 湖上有好些天鹅。There are a number of factors which were to consider. 有很多因素我们需要考虑。A number of houses were burned down in the fire. 在火灾中烧掉了不少房子。A large number ofpeople have come to see the exhibition. 许多人来看展览会。A number of workers have recently left the company. 最近有很多工人辞掉了工作。A number of veterans have retired and some are ready to. 很多老队员已退役，另一些也准备退役。A number of people have tried to find the treasure, but they have all failed. 许多人都努力寻找宝藏，但是他们都失败了。“the+形容词”作主语时的主谓一致一、“the+形容词”作主语时，若指一类人，则谓语用复数。如：The young are mostly ambitious. 年轻人多半有雄心。The sick and the wounded were sent home. 伤病员都送回家了。The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 富者愈富，贫者愈贫。The injured were carried away on stretchers. 用担架把受伤的人抬走了。The old are more likely to catch cold than the young. 老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。二、若指个别或抽象概念，谓语用单数。如：The beautiful is not always the useful. 美的并不总是有用的。 The unknown is always something to be feared. 未知的东西总是一种令人害怕的东西。The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true. 美未必是善，善未必是真。注：有个别的“the+形容词”结构既表示单数意义，也表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如：the good 指“好人”时表复数意义，指“善”时表单数意义；the accused 指一名被告时表单数意义，指多名被告时表复数意义。比较：The accused was acquitted of the charge. 被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)The accused were acquitted of the charge. 被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)many a与more than one作主语时谓语的数many a的意思是“许多”，more than one的意思是“不止一个”，从意义上，它们表示复数，但用作主语时，谓语却习惯上用单数。如： many a Many a fine man has died in that battle. 许多优秀的士兵死于那次战役。Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks. 许多船只毁于那些礁石之上。Many a young man has tried and failed. 很多年轻人都试过，而且失败了。Many a successful store has paid its rent cheerfully. 许多成功的店铺都非常乐意地付了房租。 more than oneMore than one man has been dismissed. 不止一人被解雇了。More than one person is involved in this. 与此事有牵连的人不止一个。If things dont get better, more than one person is going to have to find a new job. 如果情况没有好转，需要另谋新工作的就不是个别人了。比较：Many a boy likes swimming.=Many boys like swimming. 许多男孩子喜欢游泳。More than one student has read the book.=More students than one have read the book. 不止一个学生读过这书。主谓一致专项练习题1. Either Jane or Steven _ watching TV now.A. were B. is C. was D. are2. Two days _enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.A. isnt B. is C. aret D. are3. -How many lessons do you usually haver a day?-Six lessons a day. And each of them _45 minutes.A. last B. lasts C. have D. are4. Neither Liping nor I _a basketball player.A. am B. is C. be D. are5. There _ many new words in lesson one,It is very easy.A. is B. arent C. isnt D. are6. The number of the students in our school _1200.A. is B. are C. has D. have7. Maths _ my favourite subject.A. be B. is C. am D. are8. The boy with the two dogs _ when the earthquake rocked the city.A. were sleeping B. is sleepingC. was sleeping D. are asle9. Everyone except Tom and John _there when the meeting began.A. are B. is C. were D. was10. That place is not interesting at all, _of us wants to go there.A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some11. Nobody but Jane _ the secret.A. know B. knows C. have know D. is12. -Whats on the plate? some eggs and cakes on it?-There _some eggs and cakes on it.A. is B. are C