openssl生成证书及吊销列表.doc

openssl生成证书及吊销列表一，先来讲讲基本概念。证书分类：按类型可以分为CA证书和用户用户证书，我们我说的root也是特殊的CA证书。用户证书又可以根据用途分类，放在服务器端的称为服务器证书，放在客户端一般称为客户端证书（这种说法不是很准确，只是一种理解。实际应该是在对客户端认证时才会用到客户端证书且root、ca证书都可以放在客户端），记住，这两种证书都应为用户证书。一般可以理解为证书由key和证书（没有key的文件也称为证书）组成，谁拥有这两个东西才真正拥有这个证书。好比锁是有钥匙和锁头组成的，你得两都有。你只有锁头锁住东西，却没有钥匙打开，也没什么用。如果你对证书不了解，那一定要知道证书这三点作用（纯个人认为比较重要三点）：1，签名：通过签名技术可以保证证书拥有者的唯一性，而且所有信息没有被篡改。想了解数字签名的自己百度一下。2，提供公钥：通过签名技术知道证书拥有者是A，且所有信息都是A，就可以拿到A的公钥算法及公钥。所以有些人理解为证书就是一个公钥（个人认为这种理解与实际偏差较大）。3，颁发者：找到颁发者很重要，每个证书都有一个颁发者。这个在证书认证时用得到。对于用户（人）来说还是通过证书名称来区分证书，下面讲解几种常见的证书。a).cert或.crt文件：这种证书倒是可以理解为公钥证书，因为它最主要的作用就是来提供公钥的，只是一种理解，签名认证这些作用一样不会少。这种文件不含有key，就好像一个打开的锁头，可以发给任何人。所以拥有.cer或.crt文件的不是真正的拥有者，因为你可以用证书里的公钥加密，但并没有私钥解密。b).pfx文件：这种证书文件可以理解为.cer文件与key结合体，即拥有.pfx证书相当同时拥有公钥与私钥。即可以加密也可以解密。c).key文件：就是钥匙啦。锁头可以给任何人，但是钥匙只能自己保留，所以这玩意一定要保存好。d).p7b文件：为证书链文件，也不含私钥。证书链即证书的拥有者、颁发者、颁发者的颁发者、依次类推的证书合成一个文件。 以上对证书概念基础的了解，有基础的可以不用看。实际证书分类根据编码方式来区分的，只是为了方便理解才这么分的。当我们需要向对方发送加密数据时，我们只需要对方的cer或crt文件就可以了。而需要对方向自己发送加密数据时，自己得拥有key，并且对方要有自己公钥（从cer文件获得）。二、环境搭建安装openssl这个就不讲了，现在很多linux版本都默认安装了。先来看下配置文件中一段。默认配置文件/usr/local/openssl/ssl/f或者/etc/pki/tls/f。dir = ./demoCA # Where everything is keptcerts = $dir/certs # Where the issued certs are keptcrl_dir = $dir/crl # Where the issued crl are keptdatabase = $dir/index.txt # database index file.#unique_subject = no # Set to no to allowcreation of #several ctificates with same subject.new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # default place for new certs. certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificateserial = $dir/serial # The current serial numbercrlnumber = $dir/crlnumber # the current crl number # mustbe commented out to leave a V1 CRLcrl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRLprivate_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private keyRANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # private random number file根据上面配置文件就知道，我们得搭建相同的目录结构环境。先创建一个目录test，并且将1， 配置文件cp到test目录下。iyunvlocalhost # mkdir testiyunvlocalhost # cd testiyunvlocalhost test# cp/usr/local/openssl/ssl/f ./iyunvlocalhost test# f2， 根据配置文件中目录结构可知有个demoCA目录，目录下有各种文件。iyunvlocalhost test# mkdir ./demoCA./demoCA/newcerts ./demoCA/privateiyunvlocalhost test# chmod 777./demoCA/privateiyunvlocalhost test# echo01./demoCA/serialiyunvlocalhost test# touch./demoCA/index.txt生成证书暂时用到这么多，其他可以先不创建，用到时再作修改。环境目录结构如下：iyunvlocalhost test# tree. demoCA certs index.txt private newcerts f3， 环境搭建很重要的东西就修改配置文件了。这里只是实现生成证书，不讲解配置文件。所以只需要修改如下一句就可以了。dir = ./demoCA # Where everything is kept将路径改为实际绝对路径。我这里就是/root/test/demoCA，所以修改后就是：dir = /root/test/demoCA # Whereeverything is kept三、整体步骤openssl genrsa -des3 out server.key 1024/生成keyopenssl req -new key server.key -outserver.csr -config f/生成csr文件openssl req -new -x509 -keyoutca.key -outca.crt -config f/自生成CA（root）openssl ca -in server.csr out server.crt-cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key -config f/签名penssl pkcs12 -export -inkeyserver.key -inserver.crt -out server.pfx/合成pfx格式四、具体生成证书步骤将以生成服务器端证书为例讲解1，生成私钥文件，保存为server.key。使用的3des算法，密钥长度为2048。iyunvlocalhost test# openssl genrsa -des3-out server.key 2048Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit longmodulus.+.+e is 65537 (0x10001)Enter pass phrase for server.key: #输入秘密Verifying - Enter pass phrase forserver.key: #输入秘密iyunvlocalhost test# lsdemoCA f server.key2，生成证书签名申请文件（csr）。保存为server.csriyunvlocalhost test# openssl req -new-key server.key -out server.csr -config fEnter pass phrase for server.key: #输入第1步输入的密码You are about to be asked to enterinformation that will be incorporatedinto your certificate request.What you are about to enter is what iscalled a Distinguished Name or a DN.There are quite a few fields but you canleave some blankFor some fields there will be a defaultvalue,If you enter ., the field will be leftblank.-Country Name (2 letter code) AU:cnState or Province Name (full name)Some-State:bjLocality Name (eg, city) :hdOrganization Name (eg, company) InternetWidgits Pty Ltd:Organizational Unit Name (eg, section):testCommon Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name):Email Address : Please enter the following extraattributesto be sent with your certificate requestA challenge password : #这里可以不输入An optional company name : #这里可以不输入iyunvlocalhost test# lsdemoCA f server.csr server.key3，有申请文件，要有个机构来签名，实际是将server.csr文件提供给第三方可信任机构签名就可以。这里为了演示，将自生成CA（root）。证书保存为root.crt，key保存为root.key。iyunvlocalhost test# openssl req -new-x509 -keyout root.key -out root.crt -config fGenerating a 1024 bit RSA private key.+.+writing new private key to root.keyEnter PEM pass phrase: #输入密码 Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase: #确认输入-You are about to be asked to enterinformation that will be incorporatedinto your certificate request.What you are about to enter is what iscalled a Distinguished Name or a DN.There are quite a few fields but you canleave some blankFor some fields there will be a defaultvalue,If you enter ., the field will be leftblank.-Country Name (2 letter code) AU:cn #保持与csr文件信息一致，与配置文件有关。State or Province Name (full name)Some-State:bj #保持与csr文件信息一致Locality Name (eg, city) :hd #保持与csr文件信息一致Organization Name (eg, company) InternetWidgits Pty Ltd: #保持与csr文件信息一致Organizational Unit Name (eg, section):test # 保持与csr文件信息一致Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name):Email Address :iyunvlocalhost test# lsdemoCA f root.crt root.key server.csr server.key4，有了CA（root）我们就可以用它来为第2步生的csr文件进行签名了。iyunvlocalhost test# openssl ca -inserver.csr -out server.crt -cert root.crt -keyfile root.key -config fUsing configuration from fEnter pass phrase for root.key:Check that the request matches thesignatureSignature okCertificate Details: Serial Number: 1 (0x1) Validity Not Before: Oct 8 23:26:13 2015GMT Not After : Oct 7 23:26:13 2016GMT Subject: countryName = cn stateOrProvinceName = bj organizationName = organizationalUnitName = test commonName = emailAddress = X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE Netscape Comment: OpenSSL Generated Certificate X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 35:2B:69:AE:42:6F:D7:93:CC:AC:C5:88:89:DE:F0:CC:4E:D9:EF:FD X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:0C:DA:95:AC:B9:BC:8E:F1:66:EC:DE:28:E3:01:66:D0:A4:82:1F:17 Certificate is to be certified untilOct 7 23:26:13 2016 GMT (365 days)Sign the certificate? y/n:y 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified,commit? y/nyWrite out database with 1 new entriesData Base Updated5，至此所有文件都生成好了，查看下整个过程中需要的文件及生成的文件。iyunvlocalhost test# tree. demoCA index.txt index.txt.attr index.txt.old newcerts 01.pem private serial serial.old f root.crt root.key server.crt #我们要生成的服务器端证书 server.csr server.key #我们要生成的服务器端证书的key五、经常也会碰到证书吊销列表CRL，现在来生成server.crl文件，即将刚才的证书吊销。同样先根据配置文件配置环境，如下：iyunvlocalhost test# cp root.key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pemiyunvlocalhost test# cp root.crt./demoCA/cacert.pemiyunvlocalhost test# echo 00 ./demoCA/crlnumber吊销证书iyunvlocalhost test# openssl ca -revokeserver.crt -config fUsing configuration from fEnter pass phrase for/root/test/demoCA/private/cakey.pem:Revoking Certificate 01.Data Base Updated生成吊销列表iyunvlocalhost test# openssl ca-gencrl -out server.crl -config fUsing configuration from fEnter pass phrase for/root/test/demoCA/pri