Part Ⅱ The English Renaissance.doc

Part The English Renaissance1.the renaissance in the world(1) It originated in Italy in the 14-th century when the art, literature and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome were discovered and widely studied and came to a flowery in the 15-th century and later spread to France, Germany, Spain, Holland and Belgium and England in the 16-th century. The Renaissance period is markedly by the rediscovery and study of the classics of ancient Greece and Rome, by challenge feudal obscurantism(蒙昧主义) and religious dogmas, by opposing the tyranny of feudal rules. 1.The Renaissance 1.1 the renaissance in the world(2) It is characterized with the growth of a more scientific outlook, major development in art and literature, new invention and overseas discoveries and a general assertion of human value and emancipation of the human intellect and power. Humanism was the keynote of the renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. The humanists advocated the emancipation of man, and they tried to have the new evaluation of man and his powers and fought for equality and justice, opposed feudal tyranny and obscurantism and religious obstinacy（顽固）.1.2 The renaissance in England 1). Some major historic events: a.The War of Roses (1455-1488) and the establishment of the dynasties of Henry VII and VIIIthe centralized monarchy. b.The religious reformation, establishment of the Anglican Church b. The Enclosure movement “ sheep devoured Men” d. Commercial expansion e.defeating the Spanish Invincible fleet” Armada” in 1588 and the establishment of the hegemony（霸权） on the seas. f. The geographical exploration and trade expansion brought about the growth of the cities and the development of the capitalist textile industry.2. Thomas More Life UtopiaThomas More (1478-1535)He was born in a middle-class family.his father was a prominent lawyer,and later a judge.A scholar by nature ,he became a lawyer.Quite early he was elected to Parliament and he acted as the spokesman of London merchants who were on e of the principal stays of the Tudor monarchy.Questions More discussed in Utopia Find out Mores opinnion about following fields: 1. property 2. wealth 3. conflicts between town and country3. Flowering of English Literrature Contents: Translation Works on history Literature of adventures and discoveries Form: Poetry sonnet blank verse3.1 Edmund Spenser Masterpiece: The Faerie Queene The Poets Poet of the period The first master to make modern English the natural music of his poetic effusions3.2 Francis Bacon“Of Studies”To be recited Compared with 劝学篇titles The founder of English materialist philospphy The founder of modern science in England The first English essayistOf StudiesStudies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness. 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处事判事之际。 Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshalingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned. 练达之士最能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。 Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheir rulesisthehumorofascholar. 读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheytheboundedinbyexperience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。 （functions of studies） Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，而明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 （different attitudes toward studies） Readnottocontradictandconfute,nortobelieveandtakeforgranted,nortofindtalkanddiscourse,buttoweighandconsider. 读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细想。 (attitude that we should hold toward studies) Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputyandextractsmadeofthembyothers,butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantargumentsandthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters，flashytings. (various ways to read books) 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味矣。 Readingmakethafullman,conferencesareadyman,andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemorecunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot. maketh:make的第三人称用法；ready:即ready-witted,指敏于思考的能力；doth:do的第三人称单数用法。 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨：凡有所学，皆成性格。 Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies,likeasdiseaseofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins,shootingforthelungsandbreast,gentlewalkingforthestomach,ridingforthehead,andthelike.Soifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen,fortheyarecyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermattersandtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt. 人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使人顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，漫步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神费注，稍有分散须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以物阐证另一物。可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。(influence of studies on peoples character)4. Drama (p46) The highest glory of Renaissance What are the different types of drama during this period? The miracle play The morality play The interlude The classical dramaplaywrights University wits(1587-1593): Lyly, Peele, Marlow, Greene, Lodge , Nash (hunble birth) Hard working, struggle for livelihood Contribution:furnished theElizabethan stage with a large part of its repertoireMarlowe(1564-93) A sun of shoemaker in Canterbury Studied divinity but later turned back on it Independent and heretic(异教）thought led to the charge of blasphemy(咒骂上帝） Once arrested Killed in a party in a quarrelMarlowe Major works: Tamburlaine （帖木儿） 1587 The Jew of Malta （马耳他犹太人）1592 Doctor Faustus （浮士德博士）1588 (masterpiece) Characters: monotonous （单一的） Significance: 1.spirit of the rising bourgeoisie and its curiosity for knowledge and appetite for power 2. praise individuality belief in human efforts in conquering the universe aspiration for power and knowledge and beauty critically question old traditions and standards of conductMarlowes literary achievement The first to use blank verse in English drama His style : epical and lyrical, Limitation: lack of variety in characterization Position: the greatest pioneer of English drama and paved the way for the plays of ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare1564-1616“All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players.”life 1564-1616 （the same date) Born in Stratford The 3rd of 8 kids Married at age 18 (his wife was 26) Worked as an actor wrote 37 plays about 154 sonnets 2 long poemsPeriods of dramatic composition(Questions for pre-reading) How many periods are there in Shakespeares dramatic composition? what are the works in different periods? what is the major tone in respective period? And try to explain why. what are the four great comedies? Can you tell us the story? Questions What are the four great tragedies? Since Macbeth commits one atrocity after another and deserves his doom, why we say it is a tragedy? How do you think of the famous character Hamlet? What do you think is the major reason that causes his delay in action? The backgrounds of shakespeares four great tragedies1:storm-clouds gathered over the creation of Shakespeare2:The cooperation between Crown and the rising bourgeoisie was over3:the economic and social crisis continued right up to the English revolutionThen， under this unrest atmosphere, Shakespeare created :1 Othello 2 King Lear 3 Macbethe 4 Hamlet1.Othello Othello is taken from an Italian tale. The hero is Othello (奥赛罗）and the heroine is Othellos wife Desdemona(苔丝荻蒙娜）. Othello is a valiant(brave) and open-minded general. Because of Iagos (an officer in Othellos millitary and represent the dark power) fine words and an insinuating(奉承，暗示), Othello killed his beloved wife . Then he knew the truth and commited suicide. 1).Othello is a new man of the Renaissance 2).Othello is a tragedy of the humanism3).Othello is a tragedy of the coloured people in a society of racial discrimination2. King LearKing Lear wants to divide his land to his three daughters, but he listens to his eldest daughter and his second daughters flatteries and misunderstands his youngest daughter and deprivesher of her portion of lands. After the abuse by his two daughters,Lear reduced in the wilderness, and his youngest daughter comes back with an army in aid ofher father,but defeated and taken prisoner with Lear. Finally Cordelia died in her father Lears arm, and Lear died too. Macbeth Macbeth was a marshal of King Dunken of Scotland, one day,he met 3 witches ,they told him some crazy words, and his wife Mrs Macbeth roused him againsted King Dunken,and became a king himeself.Macbeth obey,and did it. Then ,son of Dunken wanted to revenge,he lead the army from England and destroied his enemys country,and put Macbeths head chop off .Macbeth Questions for dicussion: Since Macbeth commits one atrocity after another and deserves his doom, why we say it is a tragedy? HamletThe main characters Prince Hamlet : he was confused by his fathers ghost（鬼魂）, so he decided to avenge the murder. At last, he succeeded. But he died of the poisonous sword. Claudius: Indeed, he killed his brother and became the new king of Denmark. He was Hamlets uncle. And he married Gertrude who was his brothers wife and also hamlets mother. Gertrude: the queen of Denmark; the mother of Hamlet. She remarried to Claudius. She drank the poisonous wine by mistake and died. Ophelia: the lover of Hamlet. She was abandoned by Hamlet and was drowned in a stream at last.Polonius: an old courtier, Ophelias father. He was an emotional disturbance due to his passion for Ophelia. At last he was killed by Hamlet when overheard the conversationbetween Hamlet and the QueenLaertes:Son of Polonius. He vowed to avenge the death of his father and sister. At last he killed Hamlet and was killed by HamletHamlet (Act 3, Scene 1, lines 55-86) To be, or not to be-that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubl