Biology of microorganisms 名词解释带翻译.doc

Chapter 1 Cell the fundamental unit of living matterChemolithotrophy化能无机营养 a form of metabolism in which energy is generated 产生from inorganic compounds无机化合物Communication interactions交流 between cells using chemical signalsDifferentiation分化 modification修饰 of cellular components细胞组分 to form a new structure, such as a spore孢子Ecosystem 生态系统 organisms plus their nonliving非生物的 environmentEnrichment culture technique富集培养技术 a method for isolating隔离 specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions包被条件Enzyme a protein (or in some cases an RNA) catalyst催化剂 that functions to speed up chemical reactionsEvolution descent 下降、血统with modification修饰 leading to new forms or speciesGenome 基因组an organisms full complement of genes一整套基因Genomics 基因组学the identification 识别and analysis of genomesGrowth in microbiology, an increase in cell number with timeHabitat the environment in which a microbial population resides居住Kochs postulates 科赫法则a set of 一套criteria 准则for proving that a given 特定的microorganism causes a given特定的 diseaseMetabolism 新陈代谢all biochemical 生化reactions in a cellMicrobial community 微生物群落two or more populations of cells that coexist共存 and interact 相互作用in a habitatMicrobial ecology微生物生态学 the study of microorganisms in their natural environmentsMicroorganism 微生物a microscopic organism consisting of包含； a single cell or cell cluster 群集or a virusMotility能动性 the movement of cells by some form of 某种形式self-propulsion自推进Pathogen 病原体a disease-causing致病的 microorganismPure culture 纯培养a culture培养 containing a single kind of 一种microorganismSpontaneous generation 自然发生the hypothesis假设 that living organisms 生物体can originate from 发源于nonliving matter非生物体Sterile 不育free of 没有all living organisms (cells) and virusesChapter 2Archaea古生菌 one of two known domains of.的域 prokaryotes原核生物; compare with 与相比较BacteriaAutotroph 自养生物an organism able to grow with carbon dioxide (CO2) as its sole carbon source唯一碳原Bacteria one of two known domains of prokaryotes; compare with ArchaeaCell wall细胞壁 a rigid layer刚性层 present呈现 outside the cytoplasmic membrane细胞质膜; confers 授予structural strength 结构强度to the cell and protection from osmotic lysis渗透性溶解Chemolithotroph化能无机营养物 an organism that obtains 获得its energy from the oxidation 氧化of inorganic compounds无机化合物Chemoorganotroph化能有机营养物 an organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds有机化合物Chromosome a genetic element 遗传成份containing genes essential to 对必不可少cell function细胞功能Cyanobacteria 蓝藻细菌 prokaryotic 原核的oxygenic 生氧的phototrophs光养生物Cytoplasm细胞质 the aqueous含水的 internal portion内部区划 of a cell, bounded by 以为边界the cytoplasmic membrane细胞膜Cytoplasmic membrane the cells permeability barrier 透性障to the environment; encloses 围绕the cytoplasm细胞质Domain 域the highest level of biological classification生物分类Endosymbiosis内共生 the theory that mitochondria线粒体 and chloroplasts 叶绿体originated from 起源于BacteriaEukarya真核生物 the domain of life that includes all eukaryotic cells真核细胞Eukaryote真核细胞 a cell having a membrane-enclosed 膜包围的nucleus细胞核 and usually other 另外地membrane-enclosed organelles膜包围的细胞器Evolution 进化change in a line of descent 血缘关系的一代代over time 随着时间的过去leading to new species or varieties种类 within a speciesExtremophile 极端微生物an organism that grows optimally最适宜 under one or more environmental extremes极端环境Gram stain革兰氏染色 a differential staining鉴别染色法 technique in which bacterial cells stain细菌细胞染色 either pink(gram-negative革兰氏阴性) or purple (gram-positive革兰氏阳性) depending upon 取决于their structural makeup组成Heterotroph异养生物 an organism that requires organic carbon有机碳 as its carbon sourceNucleoid拟核 the aggregated群集的 mass of 团DNA that constitutes 构成the chromosome of cells of Bacteria and Archaea细菌和古生菌Nucleus细胞核 a membrane-enclosed膜包围的 structure that contains the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells真核细胞Organelle细胞器 a membrane-enclosed structure, such as a mitochondrion线粒体 or chloroplast叶绿体, present in 存在于the cytoplasm细胞质 of eukaryotic cellsPhototroph 光养生物an organism that obtains its energy from lightPhylogeny系统发育 the evolutionary relationships 进化关系between organismsPlasmid质粒 an extrachromosomal 染色体外的genetic element遗传因子 nonessential不必要的for growthProkaryote原核生物 a cell that lacks缺少 a membrane-enclosed nucleus细胞核 and other organelles细胞器Proteobacteria变形菌门 a large phylum门（分类） of Bacteria that includes many of 许多the common一般的 gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli大肠杆菌Protists原生生物 algae藻类 and protozoa原生动物Resolution分辨 in microbiology微生物学, the ability to distinguish区分 two objects物体 as distinct差异 and separate使分离 under the microscope显微镜下Ribosome核糖体 a cytoplasmic particle细胞质内的颗粒 that functions in protein synthesis 合成Virus病毒 a genetic element遗传因子 that contains either a DNA or an RNA genome基因组, has an extracellular细胞外的 form (the virion壳包核酸), and depends on依赖于 a host cell宿主细胞 for replication复制Chapter 3ABC (ATP-binding cassetteATP结合盒) transport system ABC转运系统 a membrane transport system consisting of three proteins, one of which hydrolyzes水解 ATP; the system transports运送 specific nutrients特定营养物质 into the cell Basal body基体 the “motor 发动机” portion部分 of the bacterial flagellum细菌鞭毛, embedded in嵌入 the cytoplasmic membrane细胞质膜 and wallCapsule荚膜（某些细菌在细胞壁外包围的一层粘液性物质） a polysaccharide多糖 or protein outermost最外的 layer, usually rather非常 slimy粘的, present 存在 on some bacteriaChemotaxis趋化性 directed定向的 movement of an organism toward朝着 (positive chemotaxis正趋化性) or away from远离 (negative chemotaxis负趋化性) a chemical gradient化学梯度Cytoplasmic membrane细胞质膜 the permeability barrier透性障 of the cell, separating把和分开 the cytoplasm细胞质 from the environmentDipicolinic acid吡啶二羧酸 a substance物质 unique独特的 to endospores内生孢子 that confers授予 heat resistance耐热性 on these structuresEndospore 内生孢子a highly heat-resistant高度抗热的, thick-walled厚壁的, differentiated 分化的structure produced by certain某些 gram-positive BacteriaFlagellum鞭毛 a long, thin cellular appendage附属物 capable of有能力的 rotation 旋转and responsible for是的原由 swimming motility泳动 in prokaryotic cellsGas vesicles气孢 gas-filled充满气的 cytoplasmic细胞质的 structures bounded by 以为边界protein and conferring具有 buoyancy 浮力on cellsGram-negative a bacterial cell with a cell wall containing small amounts of peptidoglycan肽聚糖, and an outer membrane外膜 containing lipopolysaccharide脂多糖, lipoprotein脂蛋白, and other complex macromolecules大分子Gram-positive a bacterial cell whose cell wall consists chiefly主要地 of peptidoglycan肽聚糖; it lacks the outer membrane of gram-negative cellsGram stain a differential staining鉴别染色法 procedure that stains cells either purple (gram-positive cells) or pink (gram-negative cells)Group translocation基团转位 an energy-dependent transport system依赖能源的转运系统 in which the substance物质 transported运输 is chemically modified 化学修饰during the process of being transported by a series of proteinsLipopolysaccharide脂多糖 (LPS) a combination结合 of lipid with polysaccharide 多糖and protein that forms the major portion of 大部份的the outer membrane in gram-negative BacteriaMagnetosome 磁小体a particle颗粒 of magnetite 四氧化三铁(Fe3O4) enclosed 被附上by a nonunit非单位 membrane in the cytoplasm细胞质 of magnetotactic 具趋磁性的BacteriaMorphology 形态学the shape of a cellrod,杆 coccus球菌, spirillum螺旋菌, and so onOuter membrane 外膜a phospholipid-磷脂 and polysaccharide-containing含多糖 unit membrane单位膜 that lies 躺卧external 外部的to the peptidoglycan肽聚糖 layer in cells of gram-negative BacteriaPeptidoglycan肽聚糖 a polysaccharide多糖 composed of 由组成alternating repeats交替重复 of N-acetylglucosaminen-乙酰葡糖胺 and N-acetylmuramic乙酰胞壁酸 acid arranged排列 in adjacent layers 相邻层and cross-linked 交叉结合by short peptides短肽Periplasm细胞周质 a gel-like凝胶状 region区 between the outer surface外表面 of the cytoplasmic membrane细胞膜 and the inner surface内表面 of the lipopolysaccharide layer脂多糖层 of gram-negative BacteriaPeritrichous flagellation周边毛 having flagella 鞭毛 located in many places around the surface of the cellPhototaxis趋光性 movement of an organism toward light向光Pili菌毛 thin薄的, filamentous丝状的 structures that extend from伸出 the surface of a cell and, depending on type类型, facilitate cell attachment促进细胞附着物, genetic exchange基因交换, or twitching motility蹭动Polar flagellation极生鞭毛having具 flagella鞭毛 emanating from出自 one or both poles极、端 of the cellPoly-hydroxybutyrate聚羟基丁酸酯、聚苯脂 (PHB) a common storage存储 material物质 of prokaryotic cells consisting of a polymer聚合物 of -hydroxybutyrate-羟基丁酸 or another -alkanoic acid-链烷酸 or mixtures混合物 of -alkanoic acids-链烷酸S-layer 表层an outermost 最外层的cell surface layer composed of由组成 protein or glycoprotein糖蛋白 present on some Bacteria and ArchaeaSimple transport system简单转运系统 a transporter运输者 that consists of only a membrane-spanning 跨膜的protein and is typically典型地 driven by 由驱动energy from the proton motive force质子动力Teichoic acid磷壁酸 a phosphorylated磷酸化 polyalcohol多元醇 found in the cell wall of some gram-positive BacteriaChapter 4Activation energy活化能 the energy required to bring the substrate基质、酶作用物 of an enzyme to the reactive state反应部位Adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷(ATP) a nucleotide核甘酸 that is the primary form in which chemical energy is conserved保存 and utilized被利用 in cellsAllosteric enzyme变构酶 an enzyme containing an active site活性部位 for binding substrate and an allosteric site变构部位 for binding an effector molecule效应分子 such as the end product终产物 of a biochemical pathway生化途径Anabolic reactions合成代谢反应 (Anabolism) the sum total of all biosynthetic reactions 生物合成反应in the cellAnaerobic respiration厌氧呼吸 a form of respiration呼吸作用 in which oxygen is absent缺少的 and alternative 供选择的 electron acceptors电子受体 are reduced减少Aseptic technique 无菌操作 manipulations操作 to prevent contamination污染 of sterile objects无菌物体 or microbial cultures微生物培养 during handling操作ATPase腺苷三磷酸酶 (ATP synthase) a multiprotein多蛋白 enzyme complex 复杂的embedded包埋的 in the cytoplasmic membrane that catalyzes催化 the synthesis of ATP coupled 把结合到to dissipation分散 of the proton motive force质子动力Autotroph自养生物 an organism capable of biosynthesizing生物合成 all cell material from CO2as the sole carbon source唯一碳源Catabolic reactions分解代谢反应 (Catabolism) biochemical reactions生化反应 leading to energy conservation能量守恒 (usually as ATP) by the cellCatalyst催化剂 a substance物质 that accelerates使加快 a chemical reaction but is not consumed消耗 in the reactionChemolithotroph化能无机营养物 an organism that can grow with inorganic compounds 无机化合物as electron donors电子供体 in energy metabolism能量代谢Citric acid cycle 三羧酸循环a cyclical周期的 series of reactions resulting in导致 the conversion of acetate乙酸 to two molecules of 两分子的CO2Coenzyme辅酶 a small and loosely 宽松的bound nonprotein molecule非蛋白分子 that participates in参与 a reaction as part of an enzyme-Complex酶复合 medium a culture medium 培养基composed of 由组成chemically undefined substances没有明确界限的物质 such as yeast 酵母and meat extracts肉膏Culture medium 培养基 an aqueous solution水溶液 of various nutrients各种营养物质 suitable for 适合的the growth of microorganismsDefined medium组合培养基 a culture medium whose precise 明确的chemical composition 成分is knownElectron acceptor 电子受体a substance物质 that can accept electrons from an electron donor, becoming reduced还原 in the processElectron donor电子供体 a substance that can donate提供 electrons to an electron acceptor, becoming oxidized氧化 in the processEndergonic吸能的 requires energy Enzyme a protein that can speed up (catalyze) aspecific chemical reactionExergonic 放能的releases释放 energyFeedback inhibition反馈抑制 a process in which an excess of过多的 the end product of a multistep pathway多级途径 inhibits抑制 activity活性 of the first enzyme第一个酶 in the pathwayFermentation发酵 anaerobic catabolism厌氧分解代谢 in which an organic compound有机物 is both an electron donor and an electron acceptor and ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation底物水平磷酸化Free energy 自由能(G) energy available to do work; G0 is free energy under standard conditions在标准条件下Glycolysis 醣酵解a biochemical pathway in which glucose is fermented发酵, yielding 产生ATP and various fermentation products发酵产物; also called the EmbdenMeyerhofParnas pathway糖酵解Metabolism新陈代谢 the sum total of all the chemical reactions in a cellOxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化 the production of ATP from a proton motive force质子动力 formed by electron transport电子传递 of electrons from organic or inorganic electron donors有机或无机电子供体Photophosphorylation磷酸化 the production of ATP from a proton motive force formed from light-driven electron transport光催化电子传递Phototrophs光能营养微生物 organisms that use light as their source of energyProton motive force质子动力 a source of一个来源 energy resulting from来源于 the separation 分离 of protons质子 from hydroxyl ions氢氧离子 across the cytoplasmic membrane细胞膜, generating 生成 a membrane potential膜电位Pure culture纯培养 a culture that contains a single kind of microorganismReduction potential 还原电位(E0) the inherent tendency固有趋势, measured in 以.测量volts伏特 under standard conditions, of a compound化合物 to donate electrons提供电子Respiration 呼吸作用the process in which a compound is oxidized with O2(or an O2substitute取代物) as the terminal electron acceptor末端电子受体, usually accompanied伴随 by ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化Siderophore含铁细胞 an iron chelator铁螯合剂 that can bind iron present铁元素 at very low concentrations低浓度Substrate-level phosphorylation底物水平磷酸化 production of ATP by the direct transfer直接移植 of an energyrich phosphate molecule富含能量的磷酸分子 from a phosphorylated organic compound 磷酸化有机化合物to ADP腺苷二磷酸Chapter 5Acidophile嗜酸生物 an organism that grows best at low pH; typically通常 below pH 5.5Aerobe 需氧微生物 an organism that can use oxygen (O2) in respiration呼吸; some require O2Aerotolerant anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌a microorganism unable to respire呼吸 O2 but whose growth is unaffected不受影响 by oxygenAlkaliphile嗜碱生物 an organism that has a growth pH optimum 最适宜of 8 or higherAnaerobe 厌氧菌 an organism that cannot use O2in respiration呼吸 and whose growth is typically inhibited抑制的 by O2Batch culture 分批培养a closed-system闭合系统 microbial culture of fixed volume固定体积Binary fission 二分分裂cell division following enlargement 增大of a cell to twice its minimum size最小尺寸Biofilm 生物膜an attached 固着的polysaccharide matrix多糖基质 containing bacterial cellsCardinal temperatures基本温度 the minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperatures for a given 特定的organismChemostat恒化器 a device装置 that allows for the continuous culture 连续培养of microorganisms with independent control 局部控制of both growth rate生长速率 and cell numberCompatible solute相容性溶质、兼容性溶质 a molecule that is accumulated累积 in the cytoplasm细胞质 of a cell for adjustment调节 of water activity水分活性 but that does not inhibit抑制 biochemical processes生化过程Divisome裂体 a complex of 一系列的proteins that directs指导 cell division processes in prokaryotesExponential growth 指数增长growth of a microbial population in which cell numbers double 加倍within a specific time interval时间间隔Extreme halophile极度嗜盐菌 a microorganism that requires very large amounts of salt (NaCl), usually greater than 10% and in some cases有时候 near to saturation饱和, for growthExtremophile极端微生物 an organism that grows optimally 最适宜under one or more chemical or physical extremes, such as high or low temperature or pHFacultative 兼生性with respect to 关于O2, an organism that can grow in either its presence 存在or absence缺乏FtsZ细胞分裂蛋白 a protein that forms a ring 环形along 顺着the mid-cell中间细胞 division plane等分平面 to initiate cell division启动细胞分裂Generation time世代时间 the time required for 所需的a population of microbial cells to double加倍Growth生长 an increase in cell numberHalophile嗜盐微生物a microorganism that requires NaCl for growth Halotolerant耐盐微生物 a microorganism that does not require NaCl for growth but can grow in the presence of 在存在时NaCl, in some cases, substantial levels 大量的of NaClHyperthermophile超嗜热菌 a prokaryote that has a growth temperature optimum 最适宜条件of 80 C or greaterMesophile嗜温生物 an organism that grows best at temperatures between 20 and 45 CMicroaerophile微需氧细菌 an aerobic organism好气菌 that can grow only when O2tensions压强 are reduced from that present in airNeutrophile 嗜中性 an organism that grows best at neutral中性的 pH, between pH 5.5 and 8Obligate anaerobe专性厌氧生物 an organism that cannot grow in the presence of O2O2存在时Osmophile嗜高渗生物 an organism that grows best in the presence of high levels of solute溶液, typically a sugarpH the negative logarithm负对数 of the hydrogen ion氢离子 (H+) concentration 浓度of a solution溶液Psychrophile嗜冷生物 an organism with a growth temperature optimum of 15 C or lower and a maximum growth temperature below 20 CPlate count平板计数 a viable counting method活菌计数法 where the number of colonies菌落 on a plate平板 is used as a measure of 分量cell numbersPsychrotolerant耐寒生物 capable of growing at low temperatures but having an optimum above最适宜超过 20 CThermophile 嗜热生物an organism whose growth temperature optimum lies between 45 and 80 CTranspeptidation转肽作用 formation of peptide肽 crosslinks 交叉连接between muramic acid胞壁酸 residues残留 in peptidoglycan synthesis肽聚糖合成Viable有活性的 capable of reproducing繁殖Water activity水分活性 the ratio比率 of the vapor pressure蒸汽压 of air in equilibrium with 与相平衡a solution 溶液to that of pure water纯水Xerophile嗜旱生物 an organism that is able to live, or that lives best, in very dry environment干燥环境Chapter 26Aminoglycoside氨基糖苷 an antibiotic 抗生素such as streptomycin链霉素, containing amino sugars 氨基糖linked by glycosidic bonds糖苷键Antibiotic抗生素 a chemical substance化学物质produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits抑制 the growth of another microorganismAntimicrobial drug resistance抗微生物药物抗性 the acquired ability后天的能力 of a microorganism to grow in the presence of an antimicrobial drug 抗微生物药to which the microorganism is usually susceptible易受影响Antimicrobial agent抗微生物剂 a chemical compound化合物 that kills or inhibits抑制 the growth of microorganismsAntiseptic抗菌剂、防腐剂 (germicide杀菌剂) a chemical agent化学药剂 that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms and is sufficiently 充分地nontoxic无毒的 to be applied to应用于 living tissues活组织Autoclave 高压灭菌锅a sealed heating device密封的加热装置 that destroys 破坏microorganisms with temperature and steam 蒸汽under pressure在压力之下Bactericidal agent杀菌剂 an agent