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密 级分类号编 号成 绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题液压系统译 文 标 题HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13142作 者 姓 名刘飞作 者 学 号201322415指导教师姓名孟立新指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年4月15北华航天工业学院教务处制共 5 页 第 1 页译文标题译文标题液压系统原文标题原文标题HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS作作 者者Boluceth Hayes译译 名名布鲁克.海耶斯国国 籍籍德国原文出处原文出处液压系统设备上的液压系统正在控制用于传输远方转向和部件的机械以下的操作液压系统。基本部件包括储存器过滤器和过滤器，泵，控制阀，液压缸，软管，联轴器，蓄能器和 在某些系统上，液压马达。液液压压储储罐罐液压油箱是液压系统的液体仓库。 它包含足够的液体以提供液压系统的正常操作需要，另外还有一个额外的供应来替代通过微小泄漏而损失的流体。另外，在系统中重新使用之前，储存器允许沉淀任何杂质和从流体中分离空气。上述基本液压油箱即使在满载时也具有高于油压的空间，该空间允许流体发泡，从而将流体从储存器流过系统时通常发生的气泡清除，并返回水库。通风口 a 了降低被吸入的空气，并通过不断变化的液位推出水库。空气过滤器连接到通风口，以防止大气中的灰尘进入系统。因为油箱中的液体始终保持在正确的水平是至关重要的，所以提供了视力计以允许始终看到正常的液面。挡板将出口流体与入口分离。这样就可以使液体时间消耗气泡，污染物沉淀，回流液体在泵取出之前冷却。必须保持适当的液压油位。在相同的系统中，低液位导致过热，因为流体在气体返回泵之前没有足够的时间在储存器中冷却。而且，由于流体在储存器中的空气如此低，空气进入泵中，所以一些系统将不能工作。添加液压油之前，要知道要使用什么类型，并确保它是干净的。 在填料盖或管子周围进行清洁，因此污垢几乎不会进入系统。液压系统有一个过滤器和一个或母马过滤器，可去除最终会污染液压油的杂质。过滤器通常位于储存器或泵的入口管路中。 过滤器通常位于当元件更换时只有少量流体持续。 踩踏器配有一个阀门，允许流体在堵塞时绕过过滤元件。 搅拌元件通常是纸盒，罐或边缘型，与发动机润滑系统中使用的类似。 由机械师执行的定期过滤器维护是必要的，以防止污染的液体在系统中再循环。液液压压泵泵和和电电机机叶叶片片泵泵旋转式正排量泵依靠齿轮，叶片，叶片或螺丝的紧密接触，旋转时，它们会捕获小的流体并将其从吸力传递到排放侧。恒速变速泵：轴向活塞式共 5 页 第 2 页控控制制阀阀控制阀是操作者可访问的阀，用于引导系统内的流体流动以操作机器或其附件。 通过巧妙地使用控制阀，操作员可以调节液压缸的速度和运行。注意：液压控制应平稳运行，以消除引起机器机械部件快速磨损和破坏的冲击运动。执执行行机机构构（a）旋转叶片液压致动器，（b）线性液压致动器。通过输入控制信号改变控制阀的位置，允许通过通道流动以操作致动器。 当致动器移动时，其运动沿反馈路径传递，从而抵消控制阀的原始运动。 因此，致动器的输出运动与输入控制运动成比例。带带反反馈馈的的旋旋转转风风门门执执行行机机构构线线性性执执行行器器（ R RA AM M）带带反反馈馈S SP PO OO OL L 阀阀门门关关闭闭和和方方向向控控制制阀芯阀直接流到系统的各个部件，并可通过手柄，先导压力信号，电磁螺线管，电动马达和机械凸轮来操作。用于滑动滑阀方向阀的典型应用是将流体控制到双作用液压缸，其在一个方向上移动时需要在活塞的一侧上的压力下的流体，而另一侧连接到排出管线。在上述滑阀中，三位置阀芯通过反馈连杆保持在其位置。在中央位置，所有部件都被锁定。因此，显而易见的是，当阀芯保持中心时，气缸不能被轻便。相对于各种端口移动阀芯的位置控制缺陷的方向，如果阀芯向左移动，高压油将通过阀门流到执行器的左侧。同时，线性执行器的右侧将连接到排气口。从而将线性致动器向右移动。一旦致动器已经移动与控制运动成正比的一定量，线轴将自动地通过反馈链路移动到中心。累积器描述液压蓄能器并解释其目的。压力蓄能器用于需要储存压力能量以满足需求浪涌的液压系统中，它们还用于吸收液压冲击载荷，并在泵停止时保持压力时补偿小的内部泄漏。最常见的蓄能器形式包括含有充气和加压柔性气囊的钢壳。通过特殊阀将气囊预充到所需压力，然后密封以防止气体泄漏。压力下的液压油进入蓄能器，压缩气囊，直到达到平衡。 当由于系统压力的轻微下降而产生额外补偿的需求时，气体膨胀，迫使流体回到系统中。流体入口处通常有一个较大的提升阀，当蓄能器排气时，该提升阀会自动关闭，以防止气囊挤压入入口管道。重要的是，只有氮气才能用于预充电，因为这是惰性的，气体压力必须根据制造商的说明精确设置。共 5 页 第 3 页灵活的软管柔性软管用于液压系统以允许在设备的机械部件之间移动。 软管的制造层次如下图所示。 内层由合成材料制成，可防止系统中流体的劣化。 中间层或层由用于高压应用的织物或橡胶远低压系统或线编织物制成。 这些层给软管的强度。您的前后操作检查的一部分是检查软管是否裂缝或分裂，针孔泄漏，软管长度不正确，摩擦，加热，扭曲等。 液压软管的任何问题应在使用前进行修理。快快速速断断开开联联轴轴器器快速断开连接器是自密封装置，可完成牵引截止阀和管接头的工作。它们易于使用，并将液压油损失保持在最低限度。更重要的是，每次连接时，您都不必排空或排出系统。快速断开耦合器由两半组成：主体包含弹簧加载的提升阀或密封件，而另一半插入以在连接两个半部时打开提升阀。一个缺乏设备的两个半部分被封住了。 当快速断开连接器在附件上断开时，您必须记住，防尘塞插入耦合器端口非常重要。如果防尘塞不可用，通常的做法是使用塑料袋将耦合器包裹在远离外部物质的保护。警告： 液压系统可以产生高达200 巴的压力，并且流体在热系统中可能达到高于 80的温度。在断开并重新连接快速断开耦合器时，请戴上防护眼镜并非常小心。液液压压马马达达 液压马达为甲板机械提供动力，用于蒸汽或电气驱动器不可行的应用中。在由泵供给的压力下，液压马达由流体转动。流体进入壳体并作用在旋转构件上。然后排出并返回到储存器或泵。共 5 页 第 4 页附录（外文翻译附录（外文翻译原文）原文）HYDRAULICHYDRAULIC SYSTEMSSYSTEMSHydraulic systems on equipment are used to transmit power far steering and controlling the operation of mechanical components, The basic components of a hydraulic system below consist of a reservoir, strainer and filters, pump, control valves, hydraulic cylinders, hoses, couplers, accumulators, and on some systems, a hydraulic motor.HYDRAULICHYDRAULIC RESERVOIRRESERVOIR The hydraulic reservoir is the fluid storehouse for the hydraulic system. It contains enough fluid to supply the normal operating needs of the hydraulic system and an additional supply to replace fluid last through minor leaks .Additionally, the reservoir allows the settling of any impurities and separation of air from the fluid before reuse in the system.The basic hydraulic reservoir above has a space above the quid even when they are full. This space allows the fluid to foam, and thus pure itself of air bubbles that normally occur as the fluid flows from the 共 5 页 第 5 页reservoir, through the system, and back to the reservoir.The air vent allows the air to be drawn in and pushed out of the reservoir by the ever-changing fluid level. An air filter is attached to the air vent to prevent drawing atmospheric dust into the system.Because it is essential that the fluid in the reservoir be kept at the correct level at all times, the sight gauge is provided to allow the normal fluid level to always be seen. The baffle plate segregates the outlet fluid from the inlet. This allows the fluid time to dissipate air bubbles, contaminants to settle, and the return fluid to cool before the pump picks it up.The proper hydraulic fluid level must be maintained. In some systems low fluid level causes overheating because the fluid does not have enough time to cool in the reservoir before it gas back into the pump, Also, some systems will not work at all because the fluid is so low in the reservoir that air gets into the pump.Before adding hydraulic fluid, know what type to use and make sure it is clean. Clean around the filler cap or tube so there is less chance that dirt can get into the system.STRAINERSSTRAINERS ANDAND FILTERSFILTERS Hydraulic systems have a strainer and one or mare filters that remove the impurities that would eventually contaminate the hydraulic fluid。The strainer is normally located in the reservoir or in the inlet line to the pump. The filter is normally located so only a small amount of fluid is lost when the element is changed. The falter is equipped with a valve that allows the fluid to bypass the filter element should it become clogged. The falter element is usually of the paper cartridge, canister, or edge type and is similar to those used in engine lubrication systems. Regular filter maintenance, performed by the mechanics, is necessary to prevent contaminated fluid from being re-circulated in the system.HYDRAULICHYDRAULIC PUMPS&MOTORSPUMPS&MOTORS Vane PumpRotary positive-displacement pumps rely on the close contact of gears, lobes, vanes, or screws, which, when rotated, trap small pockets of fluid and transfer them from the suction to the discharge side.共 5 页 第 6 页Constant Speed Variable Delivery Pump: Axial Piston TypeCONTROLCONTROL VALVESVALVESControl valves are valves accessible to the operator for directing the flow of fluid within the system to operate the machine or its attachment. By skillful use of the control valves, the operator can regulate the speed and operation of the hydraulic cylinders.NOTE: Hydraulic controls should be operated smoothly to eliminate the jerking motion that causes rapid wear and failure of the mechanical parts of the machine.ACTIUATDRSACTIUATDRS(a) a rotary vane hydraulic actuator,(b) a linear hydraulic actuator.The position of the control valve is changed by the input control signal，which allows oil to flow through passages to operate the actuator, As the actuator movement is transmitted along the feedback path, so cancelling out the original movement of the control valve. Thus, the output movement actuator is proportional to the input control movement.ROTARYROTARY VAIVEVAIVE ACTUATORACTUATOR WITHWITH FEEDBACKFEEDBACK共 5 页 第 7 页LINEARLINEAR ACTUATORACTUATOR (RAM)(RAM) WITHWITH FEEDBACKFEEDBACKSPOOLSPOOL VALVEVALVE WITHWITH SHUTSHUT OFF&DIRECTIONOFF&DIRECTION CONTROLCONTROLSpool valve direct fluid to various parts of the system and may be operated by hand levers, pilot pressure signals, electric solenoids, electric motors, and mechanical camsA typical application far a sliding spool direction valve is to control the fluid to a double-acting hydraulic cylinder which, when moving in one direction requires fluid under pressure on one side of the piston while the other side is connected to the drain lineIn the spool valve illustrated above, the three-position spool is held in its position by the feedback link.共 5 页 第 8 页In the central position all parts are locked. It will therefore be evident that while the valve spool remains central, the cylinder cannot be moped.Moving the position of the spool in relation to the various ports controls the direction of flaw, and if the spool is shifted to the left, High-pressure oil will flow through the valve to left side of the actuator. At the same time right side of the linear actuator will be connected to the exhaust. Thereby move the linear actuator to the right. The spool will automatically be moved to the centre by the feedback link once the actuator has moved a certain amount proportional to the control movement.ACCUMULATORSACCUMULATORSDescribe a hydraulic accumulator and explain its purpose.Pressure accumulators are used in hydraulic systems where it is necessary to store pressure energy in order to meet surges in demand. They are also employed to absorb hydraulic shock loads and to compensate for small internal leakages when pressure is to be maintained with the pump stopped.The most common form of accumulator comprises a steel shell containing a gas-filled and pressurized flexible bladder. The bladder is pre-charged to the required pressure by means of a special valve and then sealed to prevent leakage of the gas. Hydraulic fluid under pressure enters the accumulator, compressing the bladder until equilibrium is reached. When the demand for additional quid is created by a slight fall in the system pressure, the gas expands, forcing fluid back into the system.There is usually a large poppet valve at the fluid entry part, which automatically closes when the accumulator is exhausted，to prevent the bladder extruding into the inlet pipe. It is important that only nitrogen should be used for pre-charging as this is inert, and the gas pressure must be precisely set in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.FLEXIBLEFLEXIBLE HOSESHOSES共 5 页 第 9 页Flexible hoses are used in a hydraulic system to allow movement between mechanical parts of the equipment. Hoses are manufactured in layers as shown in figure below- The inner layer is made of synthetic materials that resist deterioration from the fluid in the system. The middle layer or layers are made of either fabric or rubber far low-pressure systems or wire braid for high pressure applications. These layers give the hose its strength. Part of your pre- and post-operational inspections is to inspect hoses for cracking or splitting, pinhole leaks, improper hose length, rubbing, heat, twisting, and so forth. Any problems with hydraulic hoses should be repaired before use. UICK-DISCONNECT COUPLERSQuick-disconnect couplers below are used where hydraulic lines must be connected or disconnected frequently; for example, connecting emergency hydraulic hand pump to open a cargo tank valve, or connecting a pump to hydraulic jack.The quick-disconnect couplers are self-sealing devices that accomplish the work of two shutoff valves and a tube coupler. They are easy to use and keep hydraulic fluid loss at a minimum. More importantly, you do not have to drain or bleed the system each time a hookup is made.Quick-disconnect couplers consist of two halves: the body contains a spring-loaded poppet or seal, while the other half is inserted to open the poppet when the two halves are connected. A lacking device holds the two halves and seals them. When quick-disconnect couplers are disconnected on attachments, you must remember that it is very important that dust plugs are inserted in the coupler ports. If dust plugs are unavailable, a common practice is to use a plastic bag to wrap the couplers in far protection from foreign matter.CAUTIONCAUTIONThe hydraulic motor provides power to deck machinery and is used in applications where steam or electrical drives are not viable.The hydraulic motor is turned by fluid under pressure supplied by the 共 5 页 第 10 页pump. The fluid enters the housing and acts on the rotating members. It then discharges and returns to the reservoir or pump.Hydraulic systems on equipment are used to transmit power far steering and controlling the operation of mechanical components, The basic components of a hydraulic system below consist of a reservoir, strainer and filters, pump, control valves, hydraulic cylinders, hoses, couplers, accumulators, and on some systems, a hydraulic motor.HYDRAULICHYDRAULIC RESERVOIRRESERVOIR The hydraulic reservoir is the fluid storehouse for the hydraulic system. It contains enough fluid to supply the normal operating needs of the hydraulic system and an additional supply to replace fluid last through minor leaks .Additionally, the reservoir allows the settling of any impurities and separation of air from the fluid before reuse in the system.The basic hydraulic reservoir above has a space above the quid even when they are full. This space allows the fluid to foam, and thus pure itself of air bubbles that normally occur as the fluid flows from the reservoir, through the system, and back to the reservoir.共 5 页 第 11 页The air vent allows the air to be drawn in and pushed out of the reservoir by the ever-changing fluid level. An air filter is attached to the air vent to prevent drawing atmospheric dust into the system.Because it is essential that the fluid in the reservoir be kept at the correct level at all times, the sight gauge is provided to allow the normal fluid level to always be seen. The baffle plate segregates the outlet fluid from the inlet. This allows the fluid time to dissipate air bubbles, contaminants to settle, and the return fluid to cool before the pump picks it up.The proper hydraulic fluid level must be maintained. In some systems low fluid level causes overheating because the fluid does not have enough time to cool in the reservoir before it gas back into the pump, Also, some systems will not work at all because the fluid is so low in the reservoir that air gets into the pump.Before adding hydraulic fluid, know what type to use and make sure it is clean. Clean around the filler cap or tube so there is less chance that dirt can get into the system.STRAINERSSTRAINERS ANDAND FILTERSFILTERS Hydraulic systems have a strainer and one or mare filters that remove the impurities that would eventually contaminate the hydraulic fluid。The strainer is normally located in the reservoir or in the inlet line to the pump. The filter is normally located so only a small amount of fluid is lost when the element is changed. The falter is equipped with a valve that allows the fluid to bypass the filter element should it become clogged. The falter element is usually of the paper cartridge, canister, or edge type and is similar to those used in engine lubrication systems. Regular filter maintenance, performed by the mechanics, is necessary to prevent contaminated fluid from being re-circulated in the system.HYDRAULICHYDRAULIC PUMPS&MOTORSPUMPS&MOTORS Vane PumpRotary positive-displacement pumps rely on the close contact of gears, lobes, vanes, or screws, which, when rotated, trap small pockets of fluid and transfer them from the suction to the discharge side.Constant Speed Variable Delivery Pump: Axial Piston Type共 5 页 第 12 页CONTROLCONTROL VALVESVALVESControl valves are valves accessible to the operator for directing the flow of fluid within the system to operate the machine or its attachment. By skillful use of the control valves, the operator can regulate the speed and operation of the hydraulic cylinders.NOTE: Hydraulic controls should be operated smoothly to eliminate the jerking motion that causes rapid wear and failure of the mechanical parts of the machine.ACTIUATDRSACTIUATDRS(a) a rotary vane hydraulic actuator,(b) a linear hydraulic actuator.The position of the control valve is changed by the input control signal，which allows oil to flow through passages to operate the actuator, As the actuator movement is transmitted along the feedback path, so cancelling out the original movement of the control valve. Thus, the output movement actuator is proportional to the input control movement.ROTARYROTARY VAIVEVAIVE ACTUATORACTUATOR WITHWITH FEEDBACKFEEDBACKLINEARLINEAR ACTUATORACTUATOR (RAM)(RAM) WITHWITH FEEDBACKFEEDBACK共 5 页 第 13 页SPOOLSPOOL VALVEVALVE WITHWITH SHUTSHUT OFF&DIRECTIONOFF&DIRECTION CONTROLCONTROLSpool valve direct fluid to various parts of the system and may be operated by hand levers, pilot pressure signals, electric solenoids, electric motors, and mechanical camsA typical application far a sliding spool direction valve is to control the fluid to a double-acting hydraulic cylinder which, when moving in one direction requires fluid under pressure on one side of the piston while the other side is connected to the drain lineIn the spool valve illustrated above, the three-position spool is held in its position by the feedback link.In the central position all parts are locked. It will therefore be evident that while the valve spool remains central, the cylinder cannot be moped.Moving the position of the spool in relation to the various ports controls the direction of flaw, and if the spool is shifted to the left, High-pressure oil will flow through the valve to left side of the actuator. At the same time right side of the linear actuator will be connected to the exhaust. Thereby move the linear actuator to the right. The spool will automatically be moved to the centre by the feedback link once the actuator has moved a certain amount proportional to the control movement.ACCUMULATORSACCUMULATORSDescribe a hydraulic accumulator and explain its purpose.Pressure accumulators are used in hydraulic systems where it is 共 5 页 第 14 页necessary to store pressure energy in order to meet surges in demand. They are also employed to absorb hydraulic shock loads and to compensate for small internal leakages when pressure is to be maintained with the pump stopped.The most common form of accumulator comprises a steel shell containing a gas-filled and pressurized flexible bladder. The bladder is pre-charged to the required pressure by means of a special valve and then sealed to prevent leakage of the gas. Hydraulic fluid under pressure enters the accumulator, compressing the bladder until equilibrium is reached. When the demand for additional quid is created by a slight fall in the system pressure, the gas expands, forcing fluid back into the system.There is usually a large poppet valve at the fluid entry part, which automatically closes when the accumulator is exhausted，to prevent the bladder extruding into the inlet pipe. It is important that only nitrogen should be used for pre-charging as this is inert, and the gas pressure must be precisely set in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.FLEXIBLEFLEXIBLE HOSESHOSESFlexible hoses are used in a hydraulic system to allow movement between mechanical parts of the equipment. Hoses are manufactured in layers as shown in figure below- The inner layer is made of synthetic materials that resist deterioration from the fluid in the s
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