初中英语语法知识难点大全.doc

初中英语语法知识难点大全英语语法知识难点(一)(一) 形容词和副词I 要点A 形容词1、 形容词的基本用法形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：He is honest and hardworking.I found the book interesting.某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.The English like to be with their families.多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.2、 形容词比较等级的形式(1)规则形式一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; -est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-more important-(the)most important(2) 不规则形式good (well)-better-bestbad (ill)-worse-worstmany (much)-more-mostlittle-less-least(3) 形容词比较等级的用法表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：He is cleverer than the other boys.This one is more beautiful than that one.表示两者以上的比较，用the +形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in) 如：He is the cleverest boy in his class.表示两者是同等程度，用as +形容词原级+as. 如：He is as tall as I.I have as many books as you. 越 越例如：The more I learn, the happier I am. You can never be too careful. 越小心越好又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。 I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我担心的一天。I have never had a better dinner.这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。 My English is no better than yours.我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。B副词1、 副词的种类(1) 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等(2) 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。(3)方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。(4) 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。2、 副词比较等级的用法其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.We must work harder.3、 某些副词在用法上的区别(1) already, yet, stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：Weve already watched that film.I havent finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.(2)too, as well, also, eithertoo, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.He didnt go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.(3) hard, hardlyhardly意为几乎与hard在词义上完全不同。如：I work hard every day.I can hardly remember that.(4) late, latelylately意为最近、近来，late意为晚、迟。如：He never comes late.Have you been to the museum lately?II 例题例1 Toms father thinks he is already _A high enough B tall enoughC enough high C enough tall解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。例2 _ the worse I seem to be.A When I take more medicineB The more medicine I takeC Taking more of the medicineD More medicine taken解析：该题正确答案为B。the+形容词比较级+ , the +形容词比较级+意为越，越。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。例3I havent been to London yet.I havent been there _.A too B also C either D neither解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定两者都不，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为也。例4 Mr Smith was _ moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。(二) 介词I 要点1、介词和种类(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系(1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。(2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：He came right after dinner.He lives directly opposite the school.4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例(1)at, on, in表时间表示时间点，某一时刻/年龄用at,如at four oclock, at midnight, at the age of等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。指某天用on, on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时如on Monday, on the end of November等。in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)in the morning/afternoon /evening, in spring /in 2007/in March, in the twenty-first century, in his fifties。表地点:1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置at the station at the cinema2)in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.in China in the classroom3)on 指在某物体的表面上.on the desk注意: 写街道时,若有门牌号用at ,否则用on / in 都可.He lives at 270 DongChangan Street.(2)between, among(表位置)between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如Im sitting between Tom and Alice.The village lies between three hills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：He is the best among the students.(3)beside, besidesbeside意为在旁边，而besides意为除之外。如：He sat beside me.What do you want besides this?(4)in the tree, on the treeon the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.There are some apples _ the tree .There is a boy _ the tree (5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this wayon the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法(6)in the corner, at the cornerin the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外(7)in the morning, on the morningin the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨(8)by bus, on the busby bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车(9)介词in /on / to 表方位:in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系)Tanwan is _ the southeast of China .on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)Hubei is _ the north of Hunan .to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)Japan is _ the east of China .(10)after / in 在之后after1)after + 时间段. 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去时.2)after 作介词. after doing sthin +一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.He came back _ two days .He will go home_finishing his homework .He will come back _ two days .(11)with / in / by 表示 “用”with 表示 “用” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官.He cut the apple into halves _ a knife .注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”He came in _ a big smile on his face .in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.Can you say it _English ?He wrote a letter _ blue ink .by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法I study for a test _ working with a group .He makes a living _ selling newspapers .注意: 同义词组1).by phone = on the phone2).by car = in a car3).in pen = with a pen = with pens(12)across / through / over / by 经过across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.Can you swim _ the river ?The elephant is so big that it cant go _ the gate .I dont think anyone can jump _ the fence.I walked _ the bank of China yesterday .(13)in front of / in the front ofin the front of 表示在.内部的前面in front of 表示在外面的前面There is a desk in _ front of our classroom .There is a big tree in _ front of our classroom.(14).其它介词的用法：1.at的其它用法.1).表示 “从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词.She is at work now = She is working now .2)at表示 “价格或速度”The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .2.in的其它用法:1)in表示 “在方面”词组:do well in = be good atbe weak in2)in 表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服3)in作副词, “在家” = at home3.like 的用法:1).像/和一样. 常与系动词连用.词组: look like sound like2).与what 连用, “是什么样子, 怎样”.What is he like ? He is kind .4.off的用法:1).从下来, 脱离某物体.词组: fall off2). “休假”通常放在时间名词之后.词组: have +时间+ offHe hasnt had a night off for two hours .5.except / besides1).except 除了.之外, 都. . 不包括在范围之内.注: nothing but 除了之外,什么也没有.2).besdies除了之外,还有 . 包括在范围之内.We all went swimming _ Lucy .There is _ a letter in the box .We study Japanese and French_ English .6.with / without1).with具有,含有 -反义词: without 没有词组: with the help of = with ones help =because of = thanks towithout ones help2).without 的用法:A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物B).without + doing sth .He left here without_(say ) “Goodbye”to usC). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句.If there is no water , we cant live .= We cant live _ _ . 7.since / for注: since / for 用于现在完成时.1).since :a).since +时间点b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时c).since +一段时间+ ago.2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago8.be made +介词的区别:be made of 由制成 (看得见原材料)be made from由制成 (看不见原材料)be made in +地点 由哪儿生产be made by sb. 由某人制造9.表示 “数量的介词”about , round around over1). about , round around表示 “大约”2).over 表示 “超过”= more than.10.inside / outsideInside 在里面 -反义词:outside在.外面11.in the wall /on the wallin the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”12. 不用介词的情况:1).当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词.What are you going to do tonight ?2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语.He went to Wuhan last week .3).以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词.He has worked all day .4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词II 例题例1 Do you know any other foreign language_ English?A except B but C beside D besides解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为除了，C-beside意为在旁边，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为除了之外，还有。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例2 He suddenly returned _ a rainy night.A on B at C in D during解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。例3 Im looking forward _your letter.A to B in C at D on解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为期望、盼望。(三) 连词I 要点1、 连词的种类(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等。(2)从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。2、 常用连词举例(1)and 和，并且They drank and sang all night.(2) bothand 和， 既也Both my parents and I went there.(3) but 但是，而Im sad, but he is happy.(4) eitheror 或或， 要么要么Either youre wrong, or I am.(5) for因为I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.(6) however 然而，可是At first, he didnt want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.(7) neithernor 既不也不Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.(8) not onlybut(also) 不但而且He not only sings well, but also dances well.(9) or 或者，否则Hurry up, or youll be late.Are you a worker or a doctor?(10) so 因此，所以Its getting late, so I must go.(11) although 虽然Although it was late, they went on working.(12) as soon as 一 就Ill tell him as soon as I see him.(13) because 因为He didnt go to school, because he was ill.(14) unless 除非，如果不I wont go unless it is fine tomorrow.(15) until 直到He didnt leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not until 结构)He stayed there until eleven.(16) while 当时候，而 (表示对比)While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)My pen is red while his is blue.(17) for 因为He was ill, for he didnt come. (结论是推断出来的)(18) since自从I have lived here since my uncle left.(19) hardly when 一就I had hardly got to the station when the train left.(20) as far as 就 来说As far as I know, that country is very small.You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)II 例题例1 John plays football _, if not better than, David.A as well B as well as C so well D so well as解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A when B where C which D while解析：该处意为然而，只有while有此意思，故选D。例3 Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise解析：该处意为或者，正确答案为C。英语语法知识难点(二)(四)动词时态、语态I 要点1、 一般现在时(1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.(2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.2、 现在进行时(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：What are you doing now?(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：He is always doing good deeds.3、 现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.Were going to see a film next Monday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：It happened many years ago.6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：What were you doing this time yesterday?7、 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：The train had already left before we arrived.、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：He said he would come, but he didnt.、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。II例题例 I learned that her father _ in 1950.A had died B died C dead D is dead解析：该题正确答案为。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例 The five-year-old girl _ by her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D has been looked解析：该题正确答案为。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。(五)动词虚拟语气I 要点表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。、 虚拟语气的构成情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反动词过去式 (be要用were)should+动词原形would与过去事实相反had +过去分词should+have+过去分词would与将来事实相反、动词过去时、should +动词原形、were to +动词原形should动词原形would如：与现在事实相反If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)If they didnt take physical exercises every day, they wouldnt be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)与过去事实相反：I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterdays examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterdays exam, so I didnt check my paper again)You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didnt see the doctor in good time ,so he hasnt recovered from his illness )与将来事实相反：If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形，表示 下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)注：(1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.(2)混合时间条件句的用法：有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的 时间不一致。这时动词的形式，应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。1) If she hadnt trained so hard, she wouldnt be run so fast.(从句叙述过去，主句叙述现在。)(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在，从句叙述过去)(fact: You didnt practice (hasnt practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you cant speak English well enough.)(3)在其他状语从句中的用法主要用于由as if (as though) 引导的比较状语从句，从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be 变were )或had +过去分词。”如：She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病，在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的 英语说得好)、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用() 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是should(可省) 动词原形，常用于以下三种句型中。句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.It is requested that we (should) be so careless.() 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是(should)+动词原形。如：I suggest that we (should) go swimming.() 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是(should)动词原形。如：His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.() 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是(should)动词原形。如：We received order that the work be done at once.() 在It is time that句型中，其谓语动词形式是动词的过去式或should 动词原形,should不可省。如：Its time (that) we went ( should go) to school.II 例题例We had hoped that he _ longer.A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay解析：该题正确答案为。had hoped表示本希望，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气例Mary wants to see you today.I would rather she _ tomorrow than today.A comes B came C should come D will come解析：该题正确答案为。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例Had she been older, she _ it better.A had done B might have doneC might do D would do解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为。(六)短语动词I 要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：() 动词介词常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dont laugh at others.I didnt care about it.() 动词副词常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.() 动词副词介词常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：All his money added up to no more than $100.After a short rest, he went on with his research work.() 动词名词介词常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.() 动词形容词常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.() 动词名词常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.(7)辨析give away(让给，暴露)和 give up(放弃，停止)put away(放起，收起)和 put out (扑灭)turn up(出席，放大)和 turn on (打开)k